send-email（发送电子邮件）

Send Email with Resend

Overview

Resend provides two endpoints for sending emails:

Choose batch when:

• Sending 2+ distinct emails at once
• Reducing API calls is important (by default, rate limit is 2 requests per second)
• No attachments or scheduling needed

Choose single when:

• Sending one email
• Email needs attachments
• Email needs to be scheduled
• Different recipients need different timing

Quick Start

1. Detect project language from config files (package.json, requirements.txt, go.mod, etc.)
2. Install SDK (preferred) or use cURL - See references/installation.md
3. Choose single or batch based on the decision matrix above
4. Implement best practices - Idempotency keys, error handling, retries

Best Practices (Critical for Production)

Always implement these for production email sending. See references/best-practices.md for complete implementations.

Idempotency Keys

Prevent duplicate emails when retrying failed requests.

Error Handling

Retry Strategy

• Backoff: Exponential (1s, 2s, 4s...)
• Max retries: 3-5 for most use cases
• Only retry: 429 (rate limit) and 500 (server error)
• Always use: Idempotency keys when retrying

Single Email

Endpoint: POST /emails (prefer SDK over cURL)

Required Parameters

Optional Parameters

*Parameter naming varies by SDK (e.g., replyTo in Node.js, reply_to in Python).

Minimal Example (Node.js)

import { Resend } from 'resend';

const resend = new Resend(process.env.RESEND_API_KEY);

const { data, error } = await resend.emails.send(
  {
    from: 'Acme <onboarding@resend.dev>',
    to: ['delivered@resend.dev'],
    subject: 'Hello World',
    html: '<p>Email body here</p>',
  },
  { idempotencyKey: `welcome-email/${userId}` }
);

if (error) {
  console.error('Failed:', error.message);
  return;
}
console.log('Sent:', data.id);

See references/single-email-examples.md for all SDK implementations with error handling and retry logic.

Batch Email

Endpoint: POST /emails/batch (but prefer SDK over cURL)

Limitations

• No attachments - Use single sends for emails with attachments
• No scheduling - Use single sends for scheduled emails
• Atomic - If one email fails validation, the entire batch fails
• Max 100 emails per request
• Max 50 recipients per individual email in the batch

Pre-validation

Since the entire batch fails on any validation error, validate all emails before sending:

• Check required fields (from, to, subject, html/text)
• Validate email formats
• Ensure batch size <= 100

Minimal Example (Node.js)

import { Resend } from 'resend';

const resend = new Resend(process.env.RESEND_API_KEY);

const { data, error } = await resend.batch.send(
  [
    {
      from: 'Acme <notifications@acme.com>',
      to: ['delivered@resend.dev'],
      subject: 'Order Shipped',
      html: '<p>Your order has shipped!</p>',
    },
    {
      from: 'Acme <notifications@acme.com>',
      to: ['delivered@resend.dev'],
      subject: 'Order Confirmed',
      html: '<p>Your order is confirmed!</p>',
    },
  ],
  { idempotencyKey: `batch-orders/${batchId}` }
);

if (error) {
  console.error('Batch failed:', error.message);
  return;
}
console.log('Sent:', data.map(e => e.id));

See references/batch-email-examples.md for all SDK implementations with validation, error handling, and retry logic.

Large Batches (100+ Emails)

For sends larger than 100 emails, chunk into multiple batch requests:

1. Split into chunks of 100 emails each
2. Use unique idempotency keys per chunk: <batch-prefix>/chunk-<index>
3. Send chunks in parallel for better throughput
4. Track results per chunk to handle partial failures

See references/batch-email-examples.md for complete chunking implementations.

Deliverability

Follow these practices to maximize inbox placement.

For more help with deliverability, install the email-best-practices skill with npx skills add resend/email-best-practices.

Required

Recommended

Tracking (Opens & Clicks)

Tracking is configured at the domain level in the Resend dashboard, not per-email.

When to enable tracking:

• Marketing emails where engagement metrics matter
• Newsletters and announcements

When to disable tracking:

• Transactional emails (receipts, confirmations, password resets)
• Security-sensitive emails
• When maximizing deliverability is priority

Configure via dashboard: Domain → Configuration → Click/Open Tracking

Webhooks (Event Notifications)

Track email delivery status in real-time using webhooks. Resend sends HTTP POST requests to your endpoint when events occur.

Verify webhook signatures for every request. Without verification, anyone can send fake events to your endpoint.

See references/webhooks.md for setup, signature verification code, and all event types.

Tags

Tags are key/value pairs that help you track and filter emails.

tags: [
  { name: 'user_id', value: 'usr_123' },
  { name: 'email_type', value: 'welcome' },
  { name: 'plan', value: 'enterprise' }
]

Use cases:

• Associate emails with customers in your system
• Categorize by email type (welcome, receipt, password-reset)
• Filter emails in the Resend dashboard
• Correlate webhook events back to your application

Constraints: Tag names and values can only contain ASCII letters, numbers, underscores, or dashes. Max 256 characters each.

Templates

Use pre-built templates instead of sending HTML with each request.

const { data, error } = await resend.emails.send({
  from: 'Acme <hello@acme.com>',
  to: ['delivered@resend.dev'],
  subject: 'Welcome!',
  template: {
    id: 'tmpl_abc123',       // or alias: 'welcome-email'
    variables: {
      USER_NAME: 'John',     // Case-sensitive! Must match template exactly.
      ORDER_TOTAL: '$99.00'
    }
  }
});

Note: Variable names are case-sensitive and must match the template definition exactly. Any casing is valid — USER_NAME, userName, or user_name — as long as the send call uses the same casing as defined in the template.

Templates must be published before use. Draft templates cannot send.

To create, update, publish, or delete templates via API, use the templates skill.

Testing

Avoid testing with fake addresses at real email providers.

Using addresses like test@gmail.com, example@outlook.com, or fake@yahoo.com will:

• Bounce - These addresses don't exist
• Destroy your sender reputation - High bounce rates trigger spam filters
• Get your domain blocklisted - Providers flag domains with high bounce rates

Safe Testing Options

For development: Use the resend.dev test addresses to simulate different scenarios without affecting your reputation.

For staging: Send to real addresses you control (team members, test accounts you own).

Domain Warm-up

New domains must gradually increase sending volume to establish reputation.

Why it matters: Sudden high volume from a new domain triggers spam filters. ISPs expect gradual growth.

Recommended Schedule

Existing domain

New domain

Monitor These Metrics

Don't use third-party warm-up services. Focus on sending relevant content to real, engaged recipients.

Suppression List

Resend automatically manages a suppression list of addresses that should not receive emails.

Addresses are added when:

• Email hard bounces (address doesn't exist)
• Recipient marks email as spam
• You manually add them via dashboard

What happens: Resend won't attempt delivery to suppressed addresses. The email.suppressed webhook event fires instead.

Why this matters: Continuing to send to bounced/complained addresses destroys your reputation. The suppression list protects you automatically.

Management: View and manage suppressed addresses in the Resend dashboard under Suppressions.

Common Mistakes

Notes

• The from address must use a verified domain
• If the sending address cannot receive replies, set the reply_to parameter to a valid address.
• Store API key in RESEND_API_KEY environment variable
• Node.js SDK supports react parameter for React Email components
• Resend returns error, data, headers in the response.
• Data returns {id: "email-id"} on success (single) or array of IDs (batch)
• For marketing campaigns to large lists, use Resend Broadcasts instead