pve-automation（PVE 自动化）

Proxmox VE Automation Skill

This skill provides comprehensive automation for Proxmox VE (Virtual Environment) management through its REST API.

Overview

Proxmox VE is an open-source server virtualization management platform that supports:

• QEMU/KVM Virtual Machines (VMs)
• LXC Containers (Linux Containers)
• Storage management
• Cluster management
• Backup and snapshots

API Basics

• Base URL: https://<pve-host>:<port>/api2/json/

- Default port: 8006 - Custom port can be configured in PVE settings

• Authentication: Ticket-based (cookie) or API Token-based
• Data format: JSON
• API Explorer: https://<pve-host>:<port>/pve-docs/api-viewer/

Custom API Port

PVE API port can be customized from the default 8006:

# Check current API port configuration
grep "port" /etc/default/pveproxy

# Or via API: GET /nodes/{node}/services

Using custom port in code:

# Option 1: Include port in host
client = PVEClient(host='pve.example.com:8443', ...)

# Option 2: Explicit port parameter
class PVEClient:
    def __init__(self, host, port=8006, ...):
        self.base_url = f"https://{host}:{port}/api2/json"

# Option 3: Environment variable
port = os.environ.get('PVE_PORT', 8006)

Authentication Methods

Method 1: API Token (Recommended for automation)

API tokens provide stateless access without CSRF tokens:

# Header format
Authorization: PVEAPIToken=USER@REALM!TOKENID=UUID

# Example
curl -H 'Authorization: PVEAPIToken=root@pam!automation=aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee' \
  https://pve.example.com:8006/api2/json/nodes

Creating an API Token:

1. Web UI: Datacenter → Permissions → API Tokens → Add
2. Or via API: POST /access/users/{userid}/token/{tokenid}

Method 2: Ticket-based Authentication

For interactive sessions or when API tokens aren't available:

# 1. Get ticket and CSRF token
curl -k -d 'username=root@pam' --data-urlencode 'password=secret' \
  https://pve.example.com:8006/api2/json/access/ticket

# Response: { "data": { "ticket": "...", "CSRFPreventionToken": "..." } }

# 2. Use ticket in subsequent requests
curl -k -b "PVEAuthCookie=<ticket>" \
  -H "CSRFPreventionToken: <csrf_token>" \
  https://pve.example.com:8006/api2/json/nodes

Tickets expire after 2 hours. Renew by passing the old ticket as password.

Common Operations

Node Operations

# List all nodes
GET /nodes

# Get node status
GET /nodes/{node}/status

# Get node resources (CPU, memory, disk usage)
GET /nodes/{node}/resources

VM (QEMU) Operations

# List VMs on a node
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu

# Get VM status
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/current

# Start VM
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/start

# Stop VM (graceful shutdown)
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/shutdown

# Stop VM (force/poweroff)
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/stop

# Reset VM
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/reset

# Delete VM
DELETE /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}

LXC Container Operations

# List containers
GET /nodes/{node}/lxc

# Get container status
GET /nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}/status/current

# Start container
POST /nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}/status/start

# Stop container
POST /nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}/status/stop

# Delete container
DELETE /nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}

VM/Container Creation

Create a VM from template:

POST /nodes/{node}/qemu

Parameters:
- vmid: Unique VM ID (100-999999999)
- name: VM name
- memory: RAM in MB
- cores: Number of CPU cores
- sockets: Number of CPU sockets
- cpu: CPU type (host, kvm64, etc.)
- net0: Network config (e.g., "virtio,bridge=vmbr0")
- ide2: CD/DVD drive or cloud-init (e.g., "local:iso/ubuntu-22.04.iso,media=cdrom")
- scsi0: Disk (e.g., "local-lvm:32,format=raw")
- ostype: OS type (l26 for Linux 2.6+, win11 for Windows 11)

Create an LXC container:

POST /nodes/{node}/lxc

Parameters:
- vmid: Unique container ID
- hostname: Container hostname
- memory: RAM in MB
- swap: Swap in MB
- cores: CPU cores
- ostemplate: Template path (e.g., "local:vztmpl/debian-12-standard_12.0-1_amd64.tar.zst")
- storage: Storage for rootfs
- rootfs: Root filesystem size (e.g., "local-lvm:8")
- net0: Network config (e.g., "name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=dhcp")
- password: Root password (or use ssh-public-keys)

Template Management

# List available templates on storage
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content?content=vztmpl

# Download template from Proxmox VE repository
POST /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/download-url

Parameters:
- url: Template URL
- filename: Target filename
- content: "vztmpl" for container templates, "iso" for ISO images

# List container templates available for download
GET /nodes/{node}/aplinfo

# Download from aplinfo (official templates)
POST /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/aplinfo

Cloud-Init Configuration

Cloud-init allows automatic VM initialization on first boot:

# Set cloud-init parameters
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/config

Parameters:
- cicustom: Custom cloud-init config (optional)
- ciuser: Default user name
- cipassword: Default user password
- citype: Config drive type (configdrive2, nocloud)
- ciupgrade: Run package upgrade on boot (0/1)
- sshkeys: Public SSH keys (URL-encoded)
- ipconfig0: IP config (e.g., "ip=192.168.1.100/24,gw=192.168.1.1")
- ipconfig1: Additional network config
- nameserver: DNS server
- searchdomain: DNS search domain

Important: Cloud-init requires a cloud-init capable image (Ubuntu Cloud Images, Debian Cloud, etc.) and a configured CD/DVD drive (usually ide2) for the config drive.

Snapshots and Backups

# List snapshots
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/snapshot

# Create snapshot
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/snapshot
Parameters:
- snapname: Snapshot name
- description: Optional description
- vmstate: Include RAM state (1/0)

# Rollback to snapshot
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/snapshot/{snapname}/rollback

# Delete snapshot
DELETE /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/snapshot/{snapname}

# Create backup
POST /nodes/{node}/vzdump
Parameters:
- vmid: VM ID to backup
- storage: Target storage
- mode: snapshot/suspend/stop
- compress: Compression level (0-9)

Storage Operations

# List storage
GET /storage

# Get storage status
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/status

# List storage content
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content

# Upload file to storage (ISO, template)
POST /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/upload
Content-Type: multipart/form-data

Network Configuration

# List network interfaces on node
GET /nodes/{node}/network

# Create network bridge
POST /nodes/{node}/network
Parameters:
- iface: Interface name (e.g., "vmbr1")
- type: "bridge"
- bridge_ports: Physical ports to bridge
- autostart: Start on boot (1/0)

Cluster Operations

# Get cluster status
GET /cluster/status

# Get cluster resources
GET /cluster/resources

# Get cluster tasks
GET /cluster/tasks

# Get task status
GET /nodes/{node}/tasks/{upid}/status

# Wait for task completion by polling task status

Working with Tasks

Most write operations return a task UPID (Unique Process ID). Poll the task status to track completion:

# Get task status
GET /nodes/{node}/tasks/{upid}/status

Response includes:
- status: "running", "stopped"
- exitstatus: "OK" on success, error message on failure
- pid: Process ID

Best Practices

1. VM ID Management

• VM IDs must be unique across the cluster
• Common convention: 100-999 for VMs, 100000+ for containers (though not required)
• Check available VM IDs: GET /cluster/resources and filter by type

2. Resource Allocation

• Always specify memory and cores when creating VMs
• Leave overhead for the host (don't allocate 100% of resources)
• Use ballooning for dynamic memory: balloon: 1024 with memory: 4096

3. Network Configuration

• Use virtio network drivers for best performance
• Configure bridges properly before creating VMs
• For VLANs: net0: "virtio,bridge=vmbr0,tag=100"

4. Storage

• Use appropriate storage types:

- local: Directory storage - local-lvm: LVM thin provisioning - zfs: ZFS storage - nfs, iscsi, ceph: Network storage

5. Security

• Use API tokens with limited permissions instead of root
• Enable 2FA for user accounts
• Use firewall rules: /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/rules

Common Workflows

Create a VM from Cloud Image

1. Download cloud image ISO to storage
2. Create VM with cloud-init drive
3. Configure cloud-init parameters
4. Start VM

Clone a Template VM

POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{source-vmid}/clone
Parameters:
- newid: New VM ID
- name: New VM name
- target: Target node (for cluster)
- full: Full clone (1) or linked clone (0)
- storage: Target storage for full clone

Bulk Operations

For multiple VMs, loop through and call API for each:

• Always add delays between operations to avoid overwhelming the API
• Check task completion before proceeding
• Handle errors gracefully

API Parameters Reference

VM Creation Parameters (POST /nodes/{node}/qemu)

Required Parameters:

• vmid (integer): Unique VM ID (100-999999999), must be unique across cluster
• name (string): VM name (must be valid DNS name)

Resource Parameters:

• memory (integer): RAM in MB. Examples: 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192
• balloon (integer): Minimum memory for ballooning in MB (optional, enables memory overcommit)
• cores (integer): Number of CPU cores per socket (1-128)
• sockets (integer): Number of CPU sockets (1-4)
• cpu (string): CPU type. Common values: host, kvm64, qemu64, x86-64-v2
• vcpus (integer): Number of hotplugged vCPUs (defaults to cores*sockets)

Storage Parameters:

• scsi0, scsi1, virtio0, virtio1, ide0, ide1, sata0, etc.

- Format: <storage>:<size> or <storage>:<volume-name> - Examples: local-lvm:32, zfs:vm-disk-001, local-lvm:64,format=raw

• efidisk0 (string): EFI system partition. Example: local-lvm:1,format=raw,efitype=4m

Network Parameters:

• net0, net1, etc. (string): Network interface config

- Format: <model>,<options> - Models: virtio (recommended), e1000, rtl8139, vmxnet3 - Examples: - virtio,bridge=vmbr0 (basic bridge) - virtio,bridge=vmbr0,tag=100 (VLAN 100) - virtio,bridge=vmbr0,ip=192.168.1.10/24,gw=192.168.1.1 (static IP via cloud-init)

Boot/Media Parameters:

• ostype (string): OS type for optimizations

- Linux: l24 (2.4), l26 (2.6+), other - Windows: wxp, w2k, w2k3, w2k8, wvista, win7, win8, win10, win11

• ide2 (string): CD/DVD drive or cloud-init drive

- ISO: local:iso/ubuntu-22.04.iso,media=cdrom - Cloud-init: local-lvm:cloudinit,media=cdrom

• boot (string): Boot order. Example: order=ide2;scsi0;net0
• bios (string): seabios (default) or ovmf (UEFI)

Cloud-Init Parameters:

• ciuser (string): Default username
• cipassword (string): Default password (will be hashed)
• cicustom (string): Path to custom cloud-init config
• citype (string): configdrive2 or nocloud
• sshkeys (string): URL-encoded SSH public keys
• ipconfig0, ipconfig1 (string): Network config

- DHCP: ip=dhcp - Static: ip=192.168.1.10/24,gw=192.168.1.1

• nameserver (string): DNS servers (comma-separated)
• searchdomain (string): DNS search domain

LXC Container Parameters (POST /nodes/{node}/lxc)

Required Parameters:

• vmid (integer): Unique container ID
• ostemplate (string): Template path. Example: local:vztmpl/debian-12-standard_12.0-1_amd64.tar.zst

Resource Parameters:

• memory (integer): RAM in MB
• swap (integer): Swap in MB
• cores (integer): CPU cores
• cpulimit (number): CPU limit (0-128, 0=unlimited)
• cpuunits (integer): CPU weight (0-500000, default: 1024)

Storage Parameters:

• rootfs (string): Root filesystem. Format: <storage>:<size>

- Example: local-lvm:8, local-lvm:16,mountoptions=noatime

• mp0, mp1, etc. (string): Mount points

- Example: local-lvm:32,mp=/data, /host/path:mp=/container/path

Network Parameters:

• net0, net1, etc. (string): Network config

- Format: name=<ifname>,bridge=<br>[,options] - Examples: - name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=dhcp - name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=192.168.1.10/24,gw=192.168.1.1 - name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,tag=100,ip=dhcp (VLAN)

System Parameters:

• hostname (string): Container hostname
• password (string): Root password
• ssh-public-keys (string): SSH public keys (newline-separated)
• unprivileged (boolean): Create unprivileged container (0/1)
• features (string): Enabled features. Example: nesting=1,keyctl=1
• onboot (boolean): Start on boot (0/1)
• startup (string): Startup order and delay. Example: order=1,up=5,down=5

Safety and Resource Protection

1. Check Available Resources Before Creation

Always verify node resources before creating VMs/containers:

def check_node_resources(client, node, required_memory, required_disk):
    """
    Check if node has enough resources for new VM/container.
    Returns (ok, message) tuple.
    """
    # Get node status
    status = client.get(f'nodes/{node}/status')

    memory = status['memory']
    disk = status['rootfs']  # or check specific storage

    # Memory check (leave 10% overhead for host)
    available_memory = memory['free']
    total_memory = memory['total']
    max_usable = total_memory * 0.9
    current_used = total_memory - available_memory

    if current_used + required_memory > max_usable:
        return False, f"Insufficient memory. Available: {available_memory/1024/1024:.1f}GB, Required: {required_memory/1024:.1f}GB"

    # Disk check
    available_disk = disk['avail']
    if required_disk and required_disk > available_disk:
        return False, f"Insufficient disk space. Available: {available_disk/1024/1024/1024:.1f}GB, Required: {required_disk/1024/1024/1024:.1f}GB"

    return True, "Resources OK"

# Usage before creating VM
ok, msg = check_node_resources(client, 'pve1', memory=4096, disk=32*1024*1024*1024)
if not ok:
    raise Exception(f"Cannot create VM: {msg}")

2. Get Cluster-Wide Resource Usage

def get_cluster_resources_summary(client):
    """Get aggregated resource usage across all nodes"""
    resources = client.get('cluster/resources')

    summary = {
        'nodes': [],
        'vms': [],
        'containers': [],
        'storage': []
    }

    for r in resources:
        if r['type'] == 'node':
            summary['nodes'].append({
                'name': r['node'],
                'cpu': r.get('cpu', 0),
                'maxcpu': r.get('maxcpu', 0),
                'mem': r.get('mem', 0),
                'maxmem': r.get('maxmem', 0),
                'disk': r.get('disk', 0),
                'maxdisk': r.get('maxdisk', 0),
                'status': r['status']
            })
        elif r['type'] == 'qemu':
            summary['vms'].append(r)
        elif r['type'] == 'lxc':
            summary['containers'].append(r)
        elif r['type'] == 'storage':
            summary['storage'].append(r)

    return summary

3. Safe VM/Container Creation Helper

class SafePVEClient(PVEClient):
    """PVE client with safety checks"""

    MAX_MEMORY_OVERCOMMIT = 1.2  # Allow 20% overcommit with ballooning
    MAX_SINGLE_VM_MEMORY = 128 * 1024  # 128GB max per VM
    MAX_SINGLE_VM_DISK = 10 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024  # 10TB max per VM

    def safe_create_vm(self, node, **params):
        """Create VM with safety checks"""

        # Validate VMID
        vmid = params.get('vmid')
        if not (100 <= vmid <= 999999999):
            raise ValueError(f"VMID {vmid} out of range (100-999999999)")

        # Check if VMID already exists
        try:
            existing = self.get(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/current')
            raise ValueError(f"VM {vmid} already exists on {node}")
        except requests.HTTPError as e:
            if e.response.status_code != 404:
                raise

        # Validate memory
        memory = params.get('memory', 0)
        if memory > self.MAX_SINGLE_VM_MEMORY:
            raise ValueError(f"Memory {memory}MB exceeds maximum {self.MAX_SINGLE_VM_MEMORY}MB")

        # Check node resources
        node_status = self.get(f'nodes/{node}/status')
        total_mem = node_status['memory']['total']
        used_mem = node_status['memory']['used']
        available_mem = total_mem - used_mem

        # Check if all VMs on node can fit (with overcommit)
        all_vms = self.get(f'nodes/{node}/qemu')
        total_allocated = sum(vm.get('maxmem', 0) for vm in all_vms) + memory
        max_allowed = total_mem * self.MAX_MEMORY_OVERCOMMIT

        if total_allocated > max_allowed:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Memory overcommit exceeded. Total allocated would be {total_allocated/1024/1024:.1f}GB, "
                f"max allowed is {max_allowed/1024/1024:.1f}GB"
            )

        # Validate disk size if specified
        for key, value in params.items():
            if key in ['scsi0', 'scsi1', 'virtio0', 'virtio1', 'ide0', 'ide1']:
                # Parse size from disk spec
                if ':' in str(value):
                    try:
                        size_str = str(value).split(':')[1].split(',')[0]
                        if size_str.isdigit():
                            size_gb = int(size_str)
                            if size_gb * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 > self.MAX_SINGLE_VM_DISK:
                                raise ValueError(f"Disk size exceeds maximum")
                    except (IndexError, ValueError):
                        pass

        return self.create_vm(node, **params)

    def safe_create_container(self, node, **params):
        """Create LXC container with safety checks"""

        vmid = params.get('vmid')
        if not (100 <= vmid <= 999999999):
            raise ValueError(f"VMID {vmid} out of range")

        # Check for existing VMID
        try:
            existing = self.get(f'nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}/status/current')
            raise ValueError(f"Container {vmid} already exists")
        except requests.HTTPError as e:
            if e.response.status_code != 404:
                raise

        # LXC-specific checks
        memory = params.get('memory', 512)
        if memory > self.MAX_SINGLE_VM_MEMORY:
            raise ValueError(f"Memory {memory}MB exceeds maximum")

        return self.create_container(node, **params)

4. Dry-Run Mode for Bulk Operations

def bulk_vm_operation(client, node, vmids, operation, dry_run=True):
    """
    Perform bulk operations with dry-run support.
    Operations: 'start', 'stop', 'shutdown', 'delete'
    """
    results = []

    for vmid in vmids:
        try:
            # Verify VM exists and get current status
            vm_status = client.get(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/current')
            current_state = vm_status['status']

            if dry_run:
                results.append({
                    'vmid': vmid,
                    'operation': operation,
                    'dry_run': True,
                    'current_state': current_state,
                    'would_execute': True,
                    'message': f"Would {operation} VM {vmid} (currently {current_state})"
                })
            else:
                # Execute operation
                if operation == 'start' and current_state == 'stopped':
                    result = client.post(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/start')
                elif operation == 'stop' and current_state == 'running':
                    result = client.post(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/stop')
                elif operation == 'shutdown' and current_state == 'running':
                    result = client.post(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/shutdown')
                elif operation == 'delete':
                    # Extra safety: only delete if stopped
                    if current_state != 'stopped':
                        raise ValueError(f"VM {vmid} must be stopped before deletion")
                    result = client.delete(f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}')
                else:
                    result = {'message': f'No action needed (currently {current_state})'}

                results.append({
                    'vmid': vmid,
                    'operation': operation,
                    'success': True,
                    'result': result
                })

        except Exception as e:
            results.append({
                'vmid': vmid,
                'operation': operation,
                'success': False,
                'error': str(e)
            })

    return results

5. Safe Defaults Checklist

When generating PVE automation code, ensure these safeguards are included:

1. Pre-flight Checks:

- Verify VMID is unique (not already in use) - Check node has sufficient resources - Validate storage exists and has space

1. Resource Limits:

- Set reasonable defaults (2GB RAM, 2 cores, 32GB disk) - Warn if allocating >50% of node resources to single VM - Use ballooning for memory overcommit

1. Operation Safety:

- Always use dry-run for bulk operations - Confirm destructive operations (delete, rollback) - Check VM is stopped before deletion or disk modification

1. Error Handling:

- Handle 409 Conflict (VMID exists) - Handle 507 Insufficient Storage - Handle 595 PVE errors with meaningful messages

1. Network Safety:

- Validate bridge exists before creating VM - Warn about IP conflicts (manual check required) - Use VLAN tags appropriately

Error Handling

Common HTTP status codes:

• 400: Bad request (missing/invalid parameters)
• 401: Unauthorized (invalid credentials)
• 403: Forbidden (insufficient permissions)
• 404: Resource not found
• 409: Conflict (VMID already exists)
• 500: Internal server error
• 507: Insufficient Storage
• 595: PVE specific errors (check response body)

Error response format:

{
  "errors": {
    "parameter_name": "error message"
  },
  "message": "Human readable error message"
}

Common Error Patterns and Solutions

Python Example

import requests
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)

class PVEClient:
    def __init__(self, host, token_id, token_secret, user='root@pam'):
        self.base_url = f"https://{host}:8006/api2/json"
        self.headers = {
            'Authorization': f'PVEAPIToken={user}!{token_id}={token_secret}'
        }

    def request(self, method, endpoint, **kwargs):
        url = f"{self.base_url}/{endpoint}"
        response = requests.request(
            method, url,
            headers=self.headers,
            verify=False,
            **kwargs
        )
        response.raise_for_status()
        return response.json().get('data')

    def get_nodes(self):
        return self.request('GET', 'nodes')

    def get_vms(self, node):
        return self.request('GET', f'nodes/{node}/qemu')

    def start_vm(self, node, vmid):
        return self.request('POST', f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/start')

    def stop_vm(self, node, vmid):
        return self.request('POST', f'nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/status/stop')

    def create_vm(self, node, **params):
        return self.request('POST', f'nodes/{node}/qemu', data=params)

    def get_task_status(self, node, upid):
        return self.request('GET', f'nodes/{node}/tasks/{upid}/status')

    def wait_for_task(self, node, upid, timeout=300):
        import time
        start = time.time()
        while time.time() - start < timeout:
            status = self.get_task_status(node, upid)
            if status['status'] == 'stopped':
                return status
            time.sleep(1)
        raise TimeoutError(f"Task {upid} did not complete within {timeout}s")

Advanced Operations

1. High Availability (HA)

HA ensures VMs/containers restart on another node if the current node fails.

HA Resources:

# List HA groups
GET /cluster/ha/groups

# Create HA group (nodes that can host the VM)
POST /cluster/ha/groups
Parameters:
- group: Group name (e.g., "production")
- nodes: Node list with priority (e.g., "pve1:1,pve2:2,pve3:1")
- restricted: 1 = only run on these nodes, 0 = can run elsewhere
- nofailback: 1 = stay on current node after recovery

# Delete HA group
DELETE /cluster/ha/groups/{group}

HA Resources (VMs to protect):

# List HA managed resources
GET /cluster/ha/resources

# Add VM/container to HA
POST /cluster/ha/resources
Parameters:
- sid: Service ID (e.g., "vm:100" or "ct:200")
- group: HA group name (optional)
- state: "started" or "stopped"
- max_restart: Max restart attempts (default: 1)
- max_relocate: Max relocate attempts (default: 1)

# Remove from HA
DELETE /cluster/ha/resources/{sid}

HA Status and Control:

# Get HA status
GET /cluster/ha/status/current

# Request manual migration
POST /cluster/ha/resources/{sid}/migrate
Parameters:
- target: Target node name

# Request relocation (stop on current, start on new)
POST /cluster/ha/resources/{sid}/relocate
Parameters:
- target: Target node name

2. Live Migration

Migrate running VMs between nodes (requires shared storage or storage migration).

# Online migrate VM to another node
POST /nodes/{source-node}/qemu/{vmid}/migrate
Parameters:
- target: Target node name (required)
- online: 1 for live migration (VM stays running)
- with-local-disks: 1 to migrate local disks too (requires offline or very recent PVE)

# Check migration status (returns task UPID)
# Poll task status to track progress

Migration Requirements:

• Shared storage (VM disks accessible from both nodes) OR with-local-disks=1
• Same network bridges on both nodes (vmbr0, etc.)
• CPUs compatible (or use cpu: kvm64 for portability)
• For live migration: Intel-Intel or AMD-AMD (same vendor)

3. PCI/GPU Passthrough

Pass physical PCI devices (GPUs, NICs) to VMs.

Prerequisites:

• Enable IOMMU in BIOS and kernel
• Load VFIO modules
• Blacklist GPU drivers on host

Configuration:

# Get available PCI devices
GET /nodes/{node}/hardware/pci

# Get PCI device details (includes IOMMU groups)
GET /nodes/{node}/hardware/pci/{pci-id}

# Update VM config with PCI device
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/config
Parameters:
- hostpci0: PCI device mapping
  Format: "0000:01:00.0" (simple)
  Advanced: "0000:01:00.0,pcie=1,x-vga=1,rombar=0"
  Options:
  - pcie=1: Use PCIe (recommended for modern GPUs)
  - x-vga=1: Primary GPU
  - rombar=0: Hide ROM bar (some GPUs need this)
  - multifunction=1: Pass multifunction device

# Example for NVIDIA GPU
hostpci0: "0000:01:00.0,pcie=1,x-vga=1"

# Example for additional GPU functions (audio)
hostpci1: "0000:01:00.1,pcie=1"

# CPU type must be host for passthrough
cpu: host

USB Passthrough:

# List USB devices
GET /nodes/{node}/hardware/usb

# Add to VM config
usb0: "host=1234:5678"  # Vendor:Product ID
usb1: "host=1-2.3"       # Bus-Port path

4. Backup and Restore

Backup (vzdump):

# Create backup
POST /nodes/{node}/vzdump
Parameters:
- vmid: VM ID(s) to backup (comma-separated or multiple params)
- storage: Target storage ID
- mode: Backup mode
  - snapshot: No downtime, uses QEMU snapshot
  - suspend: Brief pause for consistency
  - stop: Shutdown, backup, start
- compress: Compression level (0-9, default: 1)
- remove: Remove old backups (keep N most recent)
- notes-template: Custom backup notes
- notification-mode: "auto", "always", or "failure"

# Backup all VMs on node
vmid: "all"

# Returns task UPID - poll for completion

Restore:

# Restore VM from backup
POST /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content/{backup-file}/restore
Parameters:
- vmid: New VM ID (must be unique)
- force: Overwrite existing VM (dangerous!)
- unique: Generate new MAC addresses (recommended)
- storage: Target storage for disks (can differ from backup)

# Extract config from backup (inspect without restoring)
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content/{backup-file}/config

Backup Management:

# List backups in storage
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content?content=backup

# Get backup information
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content/{backup-file}

# Delete backup
DELETE /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/content/{backup-file}

5. Scheduled Jobs

Automate backups and other tasks.

# List scheduled jobs
GET /cluster/jobs/schedule-analyze

# Create scheduled backup job
POST /cluster/jobs
Parameters:
- id: Job ID (optional, auto-generated)
- type: "vzdump"
- schedule: Cron expression (e.g., "0 2 * * *" for 2 AM daily)
- enabled: 1 or 0
- vmid: VM ID(s) to backup
- storage: Target storage
- mode: "snapshot", "suspend", or "stop"
- compress: 0-9
- remove: Number of backups to keep
- notification-target: Where to send notifications

# Update job
PUT /cluster/jobs/{id}

# Delete job
DELETE /cluster/jobs/{id}

# Get job execution log
GET /cluster/jobs/{id}/log

Cron Expression Examples:

• "0 2 * * *": Daily at 2 AM
• "0 0 * * 0": Weekly on Sunday midnight
• "0 */6 * * *": Every 6 hours
• "0 3 1 * *": Monthly on 1st at 3 AM

6. Permission Management

Users:

# List users
GET /access/users

# Create user
POST /access/users
Parameters:
- userid: User ID (e.g., "john@pam" or "jane@pve")
- password: User password
- groups: Comma-separated group list
- comment: Description
- enable: 1 or 0
- expire: Account expiration (timestamp)

# Update user
PUT /access/users/{userid}

# Delete user
DELETE /access/users/{userid}

Groups:

# List groups
GET /access/groups

# Create group
POST /access/groups
Parameters:
- groupid: Group name
- comment: Description

# Delete group
DELETE /access/groups/{groupid}

Roles:

# List roles
GET /access/roles

# Create custom role
POST /access/roles
Parameters:
- roleid: Role name
- privileges: Comma-separated list of permissions
  - Common: VM.Allocate, VM.Audit, VM.Config.*, VM.Console, VM.Clone
  - Admin: Administrator (all permissions)
  - NoAccess: No permissions

# Built-in roles: Administrator, PVEAdmin, PVEUser, PVEVMUser, PVETemplateUser, NoAccess

ACLs (Access Control):

# List ACLs
GET /access/acl

# Create ACL rule
PUT /access/acl
Parameters:
- path: Resource path (e.g., "/vms/100", "/pool/production", "/")
- roles: Role name(s)
- users: User ID(s) (optional)
- groups: Group name(s) (optional)
- propagate: 1 to apply to children

# Examples:
# Grant user admin on VM 100
path: "/vms/100", users: "john@pam", roles: "Administrator"

# Grant group access to pool
path: "/pool/production", groups: "developers", roles: "PVEVMUser"

# Remove ACL
DELETE /access/acl?path={path}&users={userid}&roles={role}

Pools:

# List pools
GET /pools

# Create pool
POST /pools
Parameters:
- poolid: Pool name
- comment: Description

# Update pool (add/remove VMs)
PUT /pools/{poolid}
Parameters:
- vms: "100,101,102" (replaces current list)
- members: Array of objects with type and id

# Delete pool
DELETE /pools/{poolid}

7. Notifications (Webhooks)

Configure notifications for automation workflows.

# Get notification endpoints
GET /cluster/notifications/endpoints

# Create webhook endpoint
POST /cluster/notifications/endpoints
Parameters:
- name: Endpoint name
- type: "gotify" or "webhook"
- server: Server URL
- token: Authentication token
- comment: Description
- disable: 0 or 1

# Test notification
POST /cluster/notifications/endpoints/{name}/test

# Get notification targets (who receives what)
GET /cluster/notifications/targets

# Create notification target
POST /cluster/notifications/targets
Parameters:
- name: Target name
- endpoint: Endpoint name
- severity: "info", "notice", "warning", "error", "unknown"

# Get notification matchers (filter rules)
GET /cluster/notifications/matchers

Notification Events:

• Backup jobs: vzdump, vzrestore
• Replication: vzrep
• HA events: Resource migration, failover
• System: Updates, errors

8. Replication

Replicate VM disks to another node for disaster recovery.

# List replication jobs
GET /nodes/{node}/replication

# Create replication job
POST /nodes/{node}/replication
Parameters:
- id: Job ID (optional)
- target: Target node name
- vmid: VM ID to replicate
- schedule: Cron expression (default: every 15 min)
- rate: Speed limit (MB/s, 0 = unlimited)
- remove_job: Remove job if VM removed

# Get replication status
GET /nodes/{node}/replication/{id}/status

# Run replication now
POST /nodes/{node}/replication/{id}/run_now

# Delete replication job
DELETE /nodes/{node}/replication/{id}

9. Firewall

Host and VM-level firewall configuration.

Host Firewall:

# Get host firewall rules
GET /nodes/{node}/firewall/rules

# Create host rule
POST /nodes/{node}/firewall/rules
Parameters:
- type: "in" or "out"
- action: "ACCEPT", "DROP", "REJECT"
- macro: Predefined service (e.g., "SSH", "HTTP", "HTTPS")
- source/dest: IP/CIDR
- dport: Destination port(s)
- proto: Protocol (tcp, udp, icmp)
- enable: 0 or 1
- comment: Description

# Get firewall options
GET /nodes/{node}/firewall/options

# Update options
PUT /nodes/{node}/firewall/options
Parameters:
- enable: 0 or 1
- policy_in: Default input policy
- policy_out: Default output policy

VM Firewall:

# Get VM firewall rules
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/rules

# Create VM rule
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/rules
Parameters:
- type, action, macro, source, dest, dport, proto, enable, comment

# Get VM firewall aliases (IP groups)
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/aliases

# Create alias
POST /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/aliases
Parameters:
- name: Alias name
- cidr: IP/CIDR or IP range

# Get firewall logs
GET /nodes/{node}/qemu/{vmid}/firewall/log

Security Groups:

# List security groups
GET /cluster/firewall/groups

# Create security group
POST /cluster/firewall/groups
Parameters:
- group: Group name
- comment: Description

# Add rules to security group
POST /cluster/firewall/groups/{group}

10. Storage Configuration

Storage Types:

Storage Operations:

# List storage
GET /storage

# Get storage configuration
GET /storage/{storage}

# Create storage
POST /storage
Parameters:
- storage: Storage ID
- type: Storage type (dir, lvm, zfspool, nfs, etc.)
- content: Allowed content types (rootdir,images,iso,vztmpl,backup)
- nodes: Nodes that can use this storage
- [type-specific options]

# Update storage
PUT /storage/{storage}

# Delete storage
DELETE /storage/{storage}

# Get storage status
GET /nodes/{node}/storage/{storage}/status

11. Certificate Management

# Get current certificate info
GET /nodes/{node}/certificates/acme/certificate

# Get ACME account info
GET /nodes/{node}/certificates/acme/account

# List ACME plugins
GET /cluster/acme/plugins

# Create ACME plugin (for DNS challenge)
POST /cluster/acme/plugins
Parameters:
- id: Plugin name
- type: Plugin type (e.g., "dns_cf" for Cloudflare)
- data: Plugin-specific data (API keys, etc.)

# Order certificate
POST /nodes/{node}/certificates/acme/certificate
Parameters:
- force: 1 to renew even if valid
- restart: 1 to restart proxy after

12. Node Maintenance

# Get node subscription info
GET /nodes/{node}/subscription

# Upload subscription key
POST /nodes/{node}/subscription

# Get apt updates available
GET /nodes/{node}/apt/versions

# Run apt update
POST /nodes/{node}/apt/update

# Run apt upgrade
POST /nodes/{node}/apt/upgrade

# Get system log
GET /nodes/{node}/syslog

# Get support dump (diagnostics)
GET /nodes/{node}/report

# Start backup upload to Proxmox (support only)
POST /nodes/{node}/report

References

• Proxmox VE API Documentation
• API Explorer
• pvesh man page
• HA Manager
• PCI Passthrough
• Backup and Restore
• Firewall