tdd（时差）

Test-Driven Development

Collaborating skills

• Refactor: skill: refactor for systematic code improvement during the refactor phase
• Vitest: skill: vitest for JavaScript/TypeScript testing with Vitest framework
• Design Patterns: skill: design-pattern-adopter for applying design patterns when refactoring test-covered code

Guide for Red-Green-Refactor workflow. Supports Python (pytest) and Ruby (RSpec).

Quick Reference

The Cycle

🔴 RED → Write a failing test

Write the smallest test that defines the desired behavior. Confirm it fails.

🟢 GREEN → Make it pass

Write minimal production code. Run tests until they pass.

🔵 REFACTOR → Improve

Clean up test and production code. Ensure tests still pass.

Use the refactor skill for systematic code improvement during this phase.

Scenarios

New Feature

Follow the Red-Green-Refactor cycle. Start with one test, make it pass, then add the next.

Python:

import pytest
from src.cart import calculate_total, Item

class TestCalculateTotal:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("items,expected", [
        ([], 0.0),
        ([Item("Coke", 1.50)], 1.50),
    ], ids=["empty", "single"])
    def test_with_valid_items_returns_total(
        self, items: list[Item], expected: float
    ) -> None:
        assert calculate_total(items) == expected

    def test_with_negative_price_raises_error(self) -> None:
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Price cannot be negative"):
            calculate_total([Item("Coke", -1.50)])

Ruby:

RSpec.describe Cart do
  describe '#calculate_total' do
    subject { described_class.calculate_total(items) }

    context 'when cart is empty' do
      let(:items) { [] }
      it { is_expected.to eq(0.0) }
    end

    context 'when item has negative price' do
      let(:items) { [Item.new(name: 'Coke', price: -1.50)] }
      it { expect { subject }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Price cannot be negative/) }
    end
  end
end

Bug Fix

Never fix a bug without writing a test first.

1. Write test reproducing the bug
2. Confirm test fails
3. Fix the bug
4. Confirm test passes

Python:

def test_calculate_total_with_negative_price_raises_value_error(self) -> None:
    """Regression test for issue #123: negative prices should raise."""
    items = [Item(name="Coke", price=-1.50)]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Price cannot be negative"):
        calculate_total(items)

Ruby:

context 'when item has negative price' do
  # Regression test for issue #123
  let(:items) { [Item.new(name: 'Coke', price: -1.50)] }

  it 'raises ArgumentError' do
    expect { subject }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, /Price cannot be negative/)
  end
end

Legacy Code

1. Write characterization tests capturing current behavior
2. Run tests to establish baseline
3. Make small changes with test coverage
4. Refactor incrementally

Refactoring Opportunities

After each cycle, check for:

Implementation:

• Duplicate logic → Consolidate
• Long functions → Break down
• Unclear naming → Rename
• Complex conditionals → Simplify

Tests:

• Redundant tests → Parametrize
• Duplicate fixtures → Extract to shared
• Testing private methods → Test public interface instead
• Vague assertions → Make specific

Best Practices

Organization

• test_*.py naming, mirror src/ structure
• Group related tests in classes

Naming

# Good
def test_calculate_tax_with_negative_amount_raises_value_error():
    pass

# Bad - too vague
def test_calculate_tax():  # ❌
    pass

Fixtures

@pytest.fixture
def sample_user() -> dict[str, str]:
    """Provide sample user data."""
    return {"id": "123", "name": "John Doe"}

Parametrization

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4),
], ids=["zero", "one", "two"])
def test_square(input: int, expected: int) -> None:
    assert square(input) == expected

Exceptions

def test_divide_by_zero_raises_error() -> None:
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot divide by zero"):
        divide(10, 0)

Mocking

def test_fetch_user(mocker) -> None:
    mock_get = mocker.patch('requests.get')
    mock_get.return_value.json.return_value = {"id": 1}

    result = fetch_user(1)

    mock_get.assert_called_once_with("https://api.example.com/users/1")

Structure

• Test class methods (.method) before instance methods (#method)
• One expectation per it block

RSpec.describe User do
  describe '.find' do
    # Class methods first
  end

  describe '#full_name' do
    # Instance methods second
  end
end

Test Variables

Use let instead of instance variables:

# Good
let(:user) { described_class.new(name: "John") }

# Bad
before { @user = User.new(name: "John") }  # ❌

Subject

describe '#full_name' do
  subject { user.full_name }
  it { is_expected.to eq "John Doe" }
end

Predicate Matchers

# Good
it { is_expected.to be_admin }

# Bad
it "returns true" do
  expect(subject.admin?).to be true  # ❌
end

Doubles

# Good
let(:notifier) { instance_double(Notifier) }

# Bad
let(:notifier) { double("notifier") }  # ❌

Private Methods

Don't test private methods unless explicitly required. Test the public interface.

Verification

uv run pytest                              # All tests
uv run pytest tests/models/test_user.py -v # Specific file
uv run pytest tests/test_file.py::TestClass::test_fn -vv  # Specific test
uv run pytest --cov=src --cov-report=term-missing  # With coverage
uv run pytest --durations=10               # Check timing
uv run pytest -m "not slow"                # Fast tests only
uv run mypy src/                           # Type check
uv run ruff check src/                     # Lint

bundle exec rspec                              # All tests
bundle exec rspec spec/models/user_spec.rb     # Specific file
bundle exec rspec spec/models/user_spec.rb:42  # Specific line
bundle exec rspec --format documentation       # Doc format
COVERAGE=true bundle exec rspec                # With coverage
bundle exec rspec --profile                    # Check timing
bundle exec rspec --tag ~slow                  # Fast tests only
bundle exec rubocop                            # Lint
bundle exec rubocop --autocorrect              # Auto-fix

Checklist

Key Principles

1. Test First — Write tests before implementation
2. Verify Red — Confirm tests fail before implementing
3. One at a Time — Focus on one failing test
4. Maintain Coverage — Never decrease coverage
5. Small Changes — Incremental changes, run tests frequently
6. Refactor Systematically — Use the refactor skill during the refactor phase