makepad-2.0-layout（makepad 2 0 布局）

Makepad 2.0 Layout System

Makepad uses a layout turtle system -- not CSS flexbox, not CSS grid. The turtle walks through children one by one, placing each widget according to two core concepts:

• Walk -- how a widget sizes itself (width, height, margin)
• Layout -- how a container arranges its children (flow, spacing, padding, align)

Every container widget (View, SolidView, RoundedView, ScrollYView, etc.) has both Walk properties (its own size) and Layout properties (how it lays out children).

Walk System (Widget Sizing)

Walk controls how an individual widget claims space inside its parent.

width / height

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// Fill: takes all available width
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Down
    Label{text: "I stretch to fill the width"}
}

// Fit: shrinks to content
View{
    width: Fit height: Fit
    padding: 10
    Label{text: "I am only as wide as this text"}
}

// Fixed: exact pixel size
View{
    width: 300 height: 200
    Label{text: "I am exactly 300x200 pixels"}
}

// Constrained Fill: fills but within bounds
View{
    width: Fill{min: 200 max: 600} height: Fit
    flow: Down padding: 16
    Label{text: "I fill available space but stay between 200-600px"}
}

CRITICAL: height: Fit on Containers

This is the number one layout bug in Makepad.

The default height is Fill. When your output renders inside a Fit container, Fill inside Fit creates a circular dependency and resolves to 0 pixels. Your entire UI becomes invisible.

Rule: ALWAYS set height: Fit on every View, SolidView, RoundedView, and similar container unless the parent has a fixed or Fill height.

// CORRECT -- height: Fit makes the container visible
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Down padding: 10
    Label{text: "I am visible"}
}

// WRONG -- defaults to height: Fill, resolves to 0px, invisible
View{
    width: Fill
    flow: Down padding: 10
    Label{text: "I am invisible (0px tall)"}
}

Exceptions where height: Fill is acceptable:

1. Inside a fixed-height parent:

View{
    height: 400
    View{
        height: Fill
        Label{text: "I fill the 400px parent"}
    }
}

1. Inside a height: Fill chain that ultimately reaches a known size (e.g., Window body).
2. ScrollYView always uses height: Fill because it must fill its parent to scroll.

margin

Margin adds space around the outside of a widget.

// Uniform margin on all sides
Label{text: "Hello" margin: 10}

// Selective margin with Inset
Label{
    text: "Indented"
    margin: Inset{top: 5 bottom: 5 left: 20 right: 20}
}

// Zero margin (note the trailing dot for float literal)
Label{text: "Flush" margin: 0.}

Layout System (Child Arrangement)

Layout controls how a container positions its children.

flow (Direction)

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// Vertical stack (most common)
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Down spacing: 10
    Label{text: "First"}
    Label{text: "Second"}
    Label{text: "Third"}
}

// Horizontal row
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Right spacing: 10
    Label{text: "Left"}
    Label{text: "Center"}
    Label{text: "Right"}
}

// Overlay -- children stacked on top of each other
View{
    width: Fill height: 200
    flow: Overlay
    Image{width: Fill height: Fill fit: ImageFit.Biggest}
    View{
        width: Fill height: Fit
        align: Align{x: 0.5 y: 1.0}
        padding: 10
        Label{text: "Caption overlay" draw_text.color: #fff}
    }
}

// Wrapping flow -- like a tag cloud or grid of cards
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Flow.Right{wrap: true}
    spacing: 8
    padding: 10
    Label{text: "Tag 1" margin: 4}
    Label{text: "Tag 2" margin: 4}
    Label{text: "Tag 3" margin: 4}
    Label{text: "Tag 4" margin: 4}
}

spacing

Gap between children. A single number applies uniformly.

View{
    flow: Down spacing: 12
    Label{text: "12px gap below me"}
    Label{text: "12px gap above and below me"}
    Label{text: "12px gap above me"}
}

padding

Inner space between the container edge and its children.

// Uniform padding
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    padding: 20
    Label{text: "20px padding on all sides"}
}

// Selective padding with Inset
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    padding: Inset{top: 10 bottom: 10 left: 24 right: 24}
    Label{text: "Different padding per side"}
}

align (Child Alignment)

Alignment positions children within the remaining space of the container. Values range from 0.0 (start) to 1.0 (end) on each axis.

Alignment Reference Table

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// Center everything
View{
    width: Fill height: 300
    align: Center
    Label{text: "I am centered"}
}

// Horizontal center only (children flow from top)
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Down
    align: HCenter
    Label{text: "I am horizontally centered"}
}

// Vertically center children in a horizontal row
View{
    width: Fill height: 60
    flow: Right spacing: 10
    align: Align{y: 0.5}
    Label{text: "Vertically centered" draw_text.text_style.font_size: 14}
    Label{text: "Small text" draw_text.text_style.font_size: 9}
}

clip_x / clip_y

Controls whether overflowing content is clipped.

// Clip overflow (default behavior)
View{
    width: 200 height: 100
    clip_x: true
    clip_y: true
    Label{text: "Very long text that will be clipped at the container boundary"}
}

// Allow overflow to be visible
View{
    width: 200 height: 100
    clip_x: false
    clip_y: false
    Label{text: "This text can overflow beyond the container"}
}

Important boundary: clip_x: false / clip_y: false only allow a local child to paint outside its parent. They do NOT turn that child into a true window-level overlay. If the UI element is a popup/menu/tooltip that should float independently of the local layout tree, use a top-level Modal/overlay owner instead of relying on local overflow.

Overlay Popups: walk.abs_pos vs margin

For popup-style positioning inside an overlay (Modal, tooltip layer, popup owner), prefer walk.abs_pos over runtime margin tweaks.

• margin is layout spacing. It is best for nudging normal flow children.
• walk.abs_pos is an explicit turtle anchor for overlay-style placement.
• button.area().clipped_rect(cx) gives you the trigger's actual screen-space rect, including view_shift and clipping.
• For overlay content, compute the popup's absolute screen-space target, then write that into popup.walk.abs_pos = Some(dvec2(x, y)).

let button_rect = button.area().clipped_rect(cx);
let popup_pos = dvec2(button_rect.pos.x, button_rect.pos.y - 294.0);

if let Some(mut popup) = self.view(cx, ids!(popup)).borrow_mut() {
    popup.walk.abs_pos = Some(popup_pos);
}

Rule of thumb:

• Popup inside normal layout tree, only slight overflow needed: local child + clip_x/clip_y: false
• Popup anchored to a button but visually outside the component: top-level overlay + walk.abs_pos

Common mistake: Using script_apply_eval! to push margin.top / margin.left on overlay content and expecting stable popup coordinates. That often produces misleading results because you are still negotiating with layout, not explicitly anchoring the popup.

Inset Syntax

The Inset type is used for both padding and margin. It supports two forms:

// Bare number -- uniform on all four sides
padding: 10
margin: 5

// Inset struct -- specify individual sides
padding: Inset{top: 10 bottom: 10 left: 20 right: 20}
margin: Inset{top: 0 bottom: 8 left: 0 right: 0}

// Zero (use trailing dot for float literal)
margin: 0.

// You can omit sides you do not need -- they default to 0
padding: Inset{left: 16 right: 16}

Both padding and margin accept the same Inset syntax. Padding is inside the container, margin is outside.

Scrollable Containers

Makepad provides three scrollable view variants. They inherit all View properties and add scrollbar behavior.

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// Vertical scrolling -- the most common pattern
// Note: ScrollYView uses height: Fill (not Fit) to define the scroll viewport
ScrollYView{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    flow: Down padding: 10 spacing: 8
    Label{text: "Item 1"}
    Label{text: "Item 2"}
    Label{text: "Item 3"}
    Label{text: "Item 4"}
    Label{text: "Item 5"}
    Label{text: "Item 6"}
}

// Horizontal scrolling
ScrollXView{
    width: Fill height: 60
    flow: Right spacing: 10 padding: 10
    align: Align{y: 0.5}
    Label{text: "Tab 1"}
    Label{text: "Tab 2"}
    Label{text: "Tab 3"}
    Label{text: "Tab 4"}
}

// Both-axis scrolling
ScrollXYView{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    Label{text: "Large content that can be scrolled in both directions"}
}

When to use which:

• ScrollYView -- page body, lists, vertical content. This is what you need 90% of the time.
• ScrollXView -- horizontal tab bars, code scrolling, timeline views.
• ScrollXYView -- 2D canvases, maps, spreadsheet-style content.

Important: Scrollable views use height: Fill (not height: Fit) because they need a fixed viewport to scroll within. The content inside grows beyond the viewport.

Filler (Spacer Widget)

Filler{} is equivalent to View{width: Fill height: Fill}. It pushes siblings apart.

Critical rule: Only use Filler between width: Fit siblings.

Do NOT use Filler{} next to a width: Fill sibling. Both compete for remaining space, splitting it 50/50 and clipping text.

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// CORRECT: Filler between Fit siblings
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Right
    align: Align{y: 0.5}
    Label{text: "Left side"}
    Filler{}
    Label{text: "Right side"}
}

// WRONG: Filler next to a Fill sibling -- text gets clipped
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Right
    Label{width: Fill text: "This gets clipped to half width"}
    Filler{}
    Label{text: "Tag"}
}

// CORRECT alternative: width: Fill naturally pushes Fit siblings
View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Right
    View{
        width: Fill height: Fit
        flow: Down
        Label{text: "Title takes remaining space"}
        Label{text: "Subtitle"}
    }
    Label{text: "Tag"}
}

Common Layout Patterns

Vertical Page Layout

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Down spacing: 16 padding: 20
    Label{text: "Page Title" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 18}
    Label{text: "Subtitle text" draw_text.color: #aaa draw_text.text_style.font_size: 12}
    Hr{}
    Label{text: "Body content goes here" draw_text.color: #ddd}
}

Horizontal Toolbar

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

SolidView{
    width: Fill height: 44
    flow: Right spacing: 8
    padding: Inset{left: 12 right: 12}
    align: Align{y: 0.5}
    draw_bg.color: #2a2a3d

    ButtonFlatter{text: "File"}
    ButtonFlatter{text: "Edit"}
    ButtonFlatter{text: "View"}
    Filler{}
    ButtonFlat{text: "Run"}
}

Card Grid with Wrapping

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

let Card = RoundedView{
    width: 180 height: Fit
    padding: 12 flow: Down spacing: 6
    draw_bg.color: #334
    draw_bg.border_radius: 8.0
    title := Label{text: "Card" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 12}
    body := Label{text: "Content" draw_text.color: #aaa draw_text.text_style.font_size: 10}
}

View{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    flow: Flow.Right{wrap: true}
    spacing: 10 padding: 16
    Card{title.text: "Design" body.text: "UI mockups"}
    Card{title.text: "Backend" body.text: "API endpoints"}
    Card{title.text: "Testing" body.text: "Unit tests"}
    Card{title.text: "Deploy" body.text: "CI/CD pipeline"}
}

Centered Content

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

View{
    width: Fill height: 400
    align: Center
    flow: Down spacing: 12
    Label{text: "Welcome" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 24}
    Label{text: "Click below to get started" draw_text.color: #aaa}
    Button{text: "Get Started"}
}

Split Panel (Sidebar + Content)

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

// Simple approach with fixed sidebar
View{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    flow: Right
    SolidView{
        width: 250 height: Fill
        draw_bg.color: #1a1a2e
        flow: Down padding: 12 spacing: 8
        Label{text: "Navigation" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 14}
        Label{text: "Home" draw_text.color: #aaa}
        Label{text: "Settings" draw_text.color: #aaa}
        Label{text: "About" draw_text.color: #aaa}
    }
    View{
        width: Fill height: Fill
        flow: Down padding: 20 spacing: 10
        Label{text: "Main Content" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 16}
        Label{text: "Page body here" draw_text.color: #ddd}
    }
}

// Resizable approach with Splitter
Splitter{
    axis: SplitterAxis.Horizontal
    align: SplitterAlign.FromA(250.0)
    a := sidebar
    b := main_content
}
sidebar := SolidView{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    draw_bg.color: #1a1a2e
    flow: Down padding: 12
    Label{text: "Sidebar" draw_text.color: #fff}
}
main_content := View{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    flow: Down padding: 20
    Label{text: "Content" draw_text.color: #fff}
}

Fixed Header + Scrollable Body + Fixed Footer

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

View{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    flow: Down

    // Fixed header
    SolidView{
        width: Fill height: Fit
        padding: Inset{top: 12 bottom: 12 left: 20 right: 20}
        draw_bg.color: #2a2a3d
        flow: Right
        align: Align{y: 0.5}
        Label{text: "App Title" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 16}
        Filler{}
        ButtonFlatter{text: "Settings"}
    }

    // Scrollable body (height: Fill takes remaining space)
    ScrollYView{
        width: Fill height: Fill
        flow: Down padding: 16 spacing: 10
        new_batch: true
        Label{text: "Scrollable content item 1" draw_text.color: #ddd}
        Label{text: "Scrollable content item 2" draw_text.color: #ddd}
        Label{text: "Scrollable content item 3" draw_text.color: #ddd}
        Label{text: "Scrollable content item 4" draw_text.color: #ddd}
        Label{text: "Scrollable content item 5" draw_text.color: #ddd}
    }

    // Fixed footer
    SolidView{
        width: Fill height: Fit
        padding: Inset{top: 8 bottom: 8 left: 20 right: 20}
        draw_bg.color: #1e1e2e
        flow: Right
        align: Align{y: 0.5}
        Label{text: "Status: Ready" draw_text.color: #888 draw_text.text_style.font_size: 10}
        Filler{}
        Label{text: "v1.0" draw_text.color: #666 draw_text.text_style.font_size: 10}
    }
}

Overlay / Modal Positioning

use mod.prelude.widgets.*

View{
    width: Fill height: 400
    flow: Overlay

    // Base layer -- the page content
    View{
        width: Fill height: Fill
        flow: Down padding: 20
        Label{text: "Background page content" draw_text.color: #888}
    }

    // Overlay layer -- centered modal dialog
    View{
        width: Fill height: Fill
        align: Center
        RoundedView{
            width: 320 height: Fit
            padding: 20 flow: Down spacing: 12
            draw_bg.color: #2a2a3d
            draw_bg.border_radius: 12.0
            new_batch: true
            Label{text: "Confirm Action" draw_text.color: #fff draw_text.text_style.font_size: 16}
            Label{text: "Are you sure you want to proceed?" draw_text.color: #aaa}
            View{
                width: Fill height: Fit
                flow: Right spacing: 8
                align: Align{x: 1.0}
                ButtonFlat{text: "Cancel"}
                Button{text: "Confirm"}
            }
        }
    }
}

Critical Rules Summary

1. height: Fit on ALL containers (the number one bug)

Every View, SolidView, RoundedView must have height: Fit unless inside a fixed-height or Fill-height parent chain. Forgetting this makes the UI invisible (0px).

2. width: Fill on root container

Never use a fixed pixel width on the outermost container. It will not adapt to the available space. Always use width: Fill on the root element.

3. new_batch: true when View has show_bg AND text children

When a container has show_bg: true (including SolidView, RoundedView, etc.) and contains Labels or other text, set new_batch: true on the container. Without it, text may render behind the background due to GPU draw call batching.

// CORRECT: new_batch ensures text draws on top of background
RoundedView{
    width: Fill height: Fit
    padding: 12 flow: Down
    draw_bg.color: #334
    draw_bg.border_radius: 8.0
    new_batch: true
    Label{text: "Visible text" draw_text.color: #fff}
}

4. Do not use Filler next to width: Fill siblings

Filler and width: Fill siblings compete for the same remaining space, causing 50/50 split and text clipping. Use Filler only between width: Fit siblings.

5. ScrollYView uses height: Fill, not height: Fit

Scrollable views need a fixed viewport. Use height: Fill on ScrollYView so it fills the parent and scrolls its content within that space.

Documentation

• Layout pattern examples and complete code: ./references/layout-patterns.md
• Splash language manual: /splash.md
• Widget catalog: /skills/makepad-2.0-widgets/references/widget-catalog.md