typescript（TypeScript 开发）

TypeScript

Strict typing with compile-time correctness. Avoid any, leverage generics/utility types.

When to Use

Use when:

• Writing or refactoring .ts/.tsx files
• Adding type definitions, interfaces, or type aliases
• Working with generics, utility types, or advanced type features
• Configuring tsconfig.json
• Resolving type errors or improving type inference

Don't use for:

• Runtime validation (form-validation)
• JS-only patterns (javascript skill)
• Framework typing (react, mui skills)

Critical Patterns

❌ NEVER: use any

// BAD: Disables type checking
function process(data: any) {
  return data.value;
}

// GOOD: unknown with type guards
function process(data: unknown) {
  if (typeof data === "object" && data !== null && "value" in data) {
    return (data as { value: string }).value;
  }
  throw new Error("Invalid data");
}

✅ REQUIRED: Enable strict mode

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "noImplicitAny": true,
    "strictNullChecks": true,
    "strictFunctionTypes": true
  }
}

✅ REQUIRED: Use proper types for object shapes

// Interface for extensible objects
interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
}

// Type alias for unions/intersections
type Status = "pending" | "approved" | "rejected";
type UserWithStatus = User & { status: Status };

// BAD: Empty object (too permissive)
const user: {} = { anything: "allowed" };

✅ REQUIRED: Constrain generics

// GOOD: Constrained generic
function getProperty<T extends object, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
  return obj[key];
}

// BAD: Unconstrained
function getProperty<T>(obj: T, key: string): any {
  return obj[key];
}

✅ REQUIRED: Use import type for type-only imports

// GOOD: Separate type imports
import type { User, Product } from "./types";
import { fetchUser } from "./api";

// GOOD: Inline type keyword when mixing values and types
import { Installer, type Model } from "../core/installer";

// BAD: Types as values (emits unnecessary JS)
import { User, Product } from "./types";

✅ REQUIRED: Named imports over namespace imports

// GOOD: Explicit, tree-shakeable
import { readFileSync, existsSync } from "fs";
import { join, resolve } from "path";

// BAD: Namespace import when using few exports
import * as fs from "fs";
import * as path from "path";

// EXCEPTION: OK when using 6+ exports from one module
import * as p from "@clack/prompts";

✅ REQUIRED: No unused code

// tsconfig.json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "noUnusedLocals": true,
    "noUnusedParameters": true
  }
}

// BAD: Unused import and variable
import { something } from "./lib"; // never used
const unused = 42;

// GOOD: Prefix intentionally unused params with _
function handler(_event: Event, data: string) {
  return data;
}

✅ REQUIRED: Use satisfies for type validation without widening

const config = {
  endpoint: "/api/users",
  timeout: 5000,
} satisfies Config;
// Inferred type + validated against Config

✅ REQUIRED: Use as const for literal types

const ROUTES = {
  HOME: "/",
  ABOUT: "/about",
} as const;

type Route = (typeof ROUTES)[keyof typeof ROUTES]; // '/' | '/about'

Decision Tree

Runtime validation needed?
  → Use form-validation skill (Zod/Yup). TypeScript is compile-time only

Transforming types?
  → See utility-types.md for Partial, Pick, Omit, Record, and 20+ more

Unknown data?
  → Use unknown, never any. See type-guards.md

Missing third-party types?
  → Install @types/* or declare custom types in types/

Importing types only?
  → Use import type { ... } or inline type keyword

Using <6 exports from a module?
  → Named imports: import { x, y } from 'mod'

Unused import/variable?
  → Delete it. Enable noUnusedLocals/noUnusedParameters in tsconfig

Complex object shape?
  → interface for extensibility, type for unions/intersections/computed

Reusable logic across types?
  → See generics-advanced.md

External API response?
  → Define interface from actual response shape. Use quicktype for generation

New project setup?
  → See config-patterns.md

Type-safe error handling?
  → See error-handling.md

Example

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
}

type UserUpdate = Partial<Pick<User, "name" | "email">>;

function updateUser<T extends User>(user: T, updates: UserUpdate): T {
  return { ...user, ...updates };
}

const result: User = updateUser(
  { id: 1, name: "John", email: "john@example.com" },
  { name: "Jane" },
);

Edge Cases

Discriminated unions for type narrowing:

type Result =
  | { success: true; data: string }
  | { success: false; error: Error };

function handle(result: Result) {
  if (result.success) {
    console.log(result.data); // TypeScript knows data exists
  }
}

Custom type guards:

function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && "id" in value;
}

• Circular types: Extract shared interfaces or use type parameters.
• Index signatures: Record<string, Type> for dynamic keys; mapped types for known keys.
• Const assertions: as const creates readonly literal types.

Checklist

• strict: true in tsconfig.json
• No any usage -- use unknown with type guards
• import type for type-only imports (or inline type keyword)
• Named imports over namespace imports (import {x} not import * as)
• No unused imports, variables, or parameters (noUnusedLocals, noUnusedParameters)
• Interfaces for object shapes, type aliases for unions/intersections
• Generics constrained with extends
• satisfies for validation without type widening
• as const for literal inference

Resources

• references/ -- utility types, generics, type guards, config patterns, error handling
• TypeScript Docs
• TSConfig Reference