React Patterns
Performance and composition patterns for React 19 + Vite + Cloudflare Workers projects. Use as a checklist when writing new components, a review guide when auditing existing code, or a refactoring playbook when something feels slow or tangled.
Rules are ranked by impact. Fix CRITICAL issues before touching MEDIUM ones.
When to Apply
- Writing new React components or pages
- Reviewing code for performance issues
- Refactoring components with too many props or re-renders
- Debugging "why is this slow?" or "why does this re-render?"
- Building reusable component libraries
- Code review before merging
1. Eliminating Waterfalls (CRITICAL)
Sequential async calls where they could be parallel. The #1 performance killer.
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Await in sequence | const a = await getA(); const b = await getB(); | const [a, b] = await Promise.all([getA(), getB()]); |
| Fetch in child | Parent renders, then child fetches, then grandchild fetches | Hoist fetches to the highest common ancestor, pass data down |
| Suspense cascade | Multiple Suspense boundaries that resolve sequentially | One Suspense boundary wrapping all async siblings |
| Await before branch | const data = await fetch(); if (condition) {use(data);} | Move await inside the branch — don't fetch what you might not use |
| Import then render | const Component = await import('./Heavy'); return <Component /> | Use React.lazy() + <Suspense> — renders fallback instantly |
How to find them: Search for await in components. Each await is a potential waterfall. If two awaits are independent, they should be parallel.
2. Bundle Size (CRITICAL)
Every KB the user downloads is a KB they wait for.
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Barrel imports | import {Button} from '@/components' pulls the entire barrel file | import {Button} from '@/components/ui/button' — direct import |
| No code splitting | Heavy component loaded on every page | React.lazy(() => import('./HeavyComponent')) + <Suspense> |
| Third-party at load | Analytics/tracking loaded before the app renders | Load after hydration: useEffect(() => {import('./analytics')}, []) |
| Full library import | import _ from 'lodash' (70KB) | import debounce from 'lodash/debounce' (1KB) |
| Lucide tree-shaking | import * as Icons from 'lucide-react' (all icons) | Explicit map: import {Home, Settings} from 'lucide-react' |
| Duplicate React | Library bundles its own React → "Cannot read properties of null" | resolve.dedupe: ['react', 'react-dom'] in vite.config.ts |
How to find them: npx vite-bundle-visualizer — shows what's in your bundle.
3. Composition Architecture (HIGH)
How you structure components matters more than how you optimise them.
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Boolean prop explosion | <Card isCompact isClickable showBorder hasIcon isLoading> | Explicit variants: <CompactCard>, <ClickableCard> |
| Compound components | Complex component with 15 props | Split into <Dialog>, <Dialog.Trigger>, <Dialog.Content> with shared context |
| renderX props | <Layout renderSidebar={...} renderHeader={...} renderFooter={...}> | Use children + named slots: <Layout><Sidebar /><Header /></Layout> |
| Lift state | Sibling components can't share state | Move state to parent or context provider |
| Provider implementation | Consumer code knows about state management internals | Provider exposes interface {state, actions, meta} — implementation hidden |
| Inline components | function Parent() {function Child() {...} return <Child />} | Define Child outside Parent — inline components remount on every render |
The test: If a component has more than 5 boolean props, it needs composition, not more props.
4. Re-render Prevention (MEDIUM)
Not all re-renders are bad. Only fix re-renders that cause visible jank or wasted computation.
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Default object/array props | function Foo({items = []}) → new array ref every render | Hoist: const DEFAULT = []; function Foo({items = DEFAULT}) |
| Derived state in effect | useEffect(() => setFiltered(items.filter(...)), [items]) | Derive during render: const filtered = useMemo(() => items.filter(...), [items]) |
| Object dependency | useEffect(() => {...}, [config]) fires every render if config is {} | Use primitive deps: useEffect(() => {...}, [config.id, config.type]) |
| Subscribe to unused state | Component reads {user, theme, settings} but only uses user | Split context or use selector: useSyncExternalStore |
| State for transient values | const [mouseX, setMouseX] = useState(0) on mousemove | Use useRef for values that change frequently but don't need re-render |
| Inline callback props | <Button onClick={() => doThing(id)} /> — new function every render | useCallback or functional setState: <Button onClick={handleClick} /> |
How to find them: React DevTools Profiler → "Why did this render?" or <React.StrictMode> double-renders in dev.
5. React 19 Specifics (MEDIUM)
Patterns that changed or are new in React 19.
| Pattern | Old (React 18) | New (React 19) |
|---|---|---|
| Form state | useFormState | useActionState — renamed |
| Ref forwarding | forwardRef((props, ref) =>...) | function Component({ref,...props}) — ref is a regular prop |
| Context | useContext(MyContext) | use(MyContext) — works in conditionals and loops |
| Pending UI | Manual loading state | useTransition + startTransition for non-urgent updates |
| Route-level lazy | Works with createBrowserRouter only | Still true — <Route lazy={...}> is silently ignored with <BrowserRouter> |
| Optimistic updates | Manual state management | useOptimistic hook |
| Metadata | Helmet or manual <head> management | <title>, <meta>, <link> in component JSX — hoisted to <head> automatically |
6. Rendering Performance (MEDIUM)
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Layout shift on load | Content jumps when async data arrives | Skeleton screens matching final layout dimensions |
| Animate SVG directly | Janky SVG animation | Wrap in <div>, animate the div instead |
| Large list rendering | 1000+ items in a table/list | @tanstack/react-virtual for virtualised rendering |
| content-visibility | Long scrollable content renders everything upfront | content-visibility: auto on off-screen sections |
| Conditional render with && | {count && <Items />} renders 0 when count is 0 | Use ternary: {count > 0? <Items />: null} |
7. Data Fetching (MEDIUM)
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| No deduplication | Same data fetched by 3 components | TanStack Query or SWR — automatic dedup + caching |
| Fetch on mount | useEffect(() => {fetch(...)}, []) — waterfalls, no caching, no dedup | TanStack Query: useQuery({queryKey: ['users'], queryFn: fetchUsers}) |
| No optimistic update | User clicks save, waits 2 seconds, then sees change | useMutation with onMutate for instant visual feedback |
| Stale closure in interval | setInterval captures stale state | useRef for the interval ID and current values |
| Polling without cleanup | setInterval in useEffect without clearInterval | Return cleanup: useEffect(() => {const id = setInterval(...); return () => clearInterval(id);}) |
8. Vite + Cloudflare Specifics (MEDIUM)
| Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
import.meta.env in Node scripts | Undefined — only works in Vite-processed files | Use loadEnv() from vite |
| React duplicate instance | Library bundles its own React | resolve.dedupe + optimizeDeps.include in vite.config.ts |
| Radix Select empty string | <SelectItem value=""> throws | Use sentinel: <SelectItem value="__any__"> |
| React Hook Form null | {...field} passes null to Input | Spread manually: value={field.value?? ''} |
| Env vars at edge | process.env doesn't exist in Workers | Use c.env (Hono context) or import.meta.env (Vite build-time) |
Using as a Review Checklist
When reviewing code, go through categories 1-3 (CRITICAL + HIGH) for every PR. Categories 4-8 only when performance is a concern.
/react-patterns [file or component path]Read the file, check against rules in priority order, report findings as:
file:line — [rule] description of issue