pricing（pricing 开发）

Crystallize Pricing Skill

Design, recommend, and implement pricing strategies in Crystallize. This skill covers the full pricing hierarchy — from global price variants through localized price lists to cart-level promotions — and helps you make sound architectural decisions about how to structure pricing for any commerce use case.

The Pricing Hierarchy

Crystallize resolves prices through a layered hierarchy. Each layer can override or adjust the one above it:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  1. Price Variants (base layer)                 │
│     Global price types applied to all products  │
│     e.g. Retail, Sales, B2B, Members            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  2. Price Lists (override layer)                │
│     Market/customer-specific adjustments        │
│     e.g. "EU Retail EUR", "US B2B USD"          │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  3. Promotions (cart layer)                     │
│     Checkout-time discounts and campaigns       │
│     e.g. "20% off", "Buy 3 pay for 2"          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Resolution order: When a customer checks out, the system evaluates:

1. Which price variant applies (based on context)
2. Whether a price list overrides that variant (based on market, customer group, time period)
3. Whether any promotions apply (based on cart contents, coupon codes, triggers)

Quick Start Decision Tree

START: You need to set up pricing.

Q1: Do you sell in a single currency with one price per product?
  → Yes → Create 1 price variant (e.g. "default" in your currency)
  → No → Continue

Q2: Do you need different price *types* (retail vs wholesale, regular vs sale)?
  → Yes → Create a price variant per type (see Price Variant Patterns below)

Q3: Do you sell in multiple currencies or regions?
  → Yes → Create Markets + Price Lists (see Markets & Price Lists below)

Q4: Do you need temporary discounts, coupon codes, or "buy X get Y" deals?
  → Yes → Set up Promotions (see Promotions below)

Q5: Do you have customer-specific pricing (B2B agreements, VIP tiers)?
  → Yes → Use Price Lists targeted to customer groups

Price Variants

Price variants are global definitions — they define the *types* of prices available across your entire catalogue. Every product variant can then have a value for each price variant.

Key Concepts

• Name: Human-readable (e.g. "US Dollar Retail")
• Identifier: API-safe, lowercase (e.g. usd-retail)
• Currency: ISO 4217 code (e.g. USD, EUR, NOK)
• A single price variant = one currency. For multi-currency, create separate variants.

The Default Price Variant

Every Crystallize tenant comes with a default price variant. It must always exist — it is the system's fallback and cannot be deleted.

Best practice: Rename it to match your primary use case.

The default variant serves as the fallback everywhere — if no price list override or more specific variant applies, this is the price the system resolves to. So it should represent your most common, primary price type for your main market.

Naming Conventions

Use clear, consistent names that encode purpose and currency:

Recommended Patterns by Business Type

Simple B2C (single market)

Price Variants:
  └── default (USD) — The only price, used everywhere

When: Single-country store, one currency, no B2B. Start here and add complexity later.

B2C with Sales Pricing (single market)

Price Variants:
  ├── retail (USD) — The standard price / compare-at price ("was" price)
  └── sales (USD)  — The marked-down selling price ("now" price)

When: You show was/now or strikethrough pricing. Retail is the reference price — the "compare at" price displayed crossed out. Sales is the actual selling price. When no sale is active, the storefront falls back to the Retail price (Sales is left empty or equal to Retail).

Key rule: Retail is always set. Sales is only set when the product is on sale. The storefront checks: if Sales exists and is lower than Retail → show strikethrough. Otherwise → show Retail as the current price.

B2C Per-Market (the most typical B2C pattern)

Price Variants:
  ├── retail (USD)  — US retail (the default variant, renamed)
  ├── sales (USD)   — US sales / marked-down price
  ├── retail-eur (EUR) — EU retail
  ├── sales-eur (EUR)  — EU sales
  ├── retail-gbp (GBP) — UK retail
  └── sales-gbp (GBP)  — UK sales

When: Multi-market B2C with was/now pricing per market. Each market gets a Retail + Sales pair. The default variant is renamed to retail for the primary market. Secondary markets use retail-{currency} / sales-{currency} suffixes.

Resolution per market:

• Primary market (US): Check sales → fall back to retail
• EU market: Check sales-eur → fall back to retail-eur
• UK market: Check sales-gbp → fall back to retail-gbp

Price Lists can further override any of these per market.

B2C Multi-Currency (no sales pricing)

Price Variants:
  ├── usd (USD) — US market price
  ├── eur (EUR) — European market price
  └── gbp (GBP) — UK market price

When: You sell internationally with manually set prices per currency but don't show was/now pricing. Simpler than the retail/sales pattern.

B2C + B2B (single currency)

Price Variants:
  ├── retail (USD) — Consumer price / compare-at reference
  ├── sales (USD)  — Consumer sale price (when on sale)
  └── b2b (USD)    — Wholesale/business price

When: You serve both consumers and business customers in the same currency. B2B customers typically don't see sales pricing — they have fixed contract rates.

B2C + B2B Multi-Currency

Price Variants:
  ├── retail (USD)      — US consumer price (default, renamed)
  ├── sales (USD)       — US consumer sale price
  ├── b2b (USD)         — US wholesale price
  ├── retail-eur (EUR)  — EU consumer price
  ├── sales-eur (EUR)   — EU consumer sale price
  ├── b2b-eur (EUR)     — EU wholesale price
  └── ...per additional market

When: International B2B+B2C. Each market gets a retail/sales pair for consumers plus a B2B variant. The most complex but most flexible setup.

Membership / Loyalty Tiers

Price Variants:
  ├── retail (USD) — Standard consumer price
  ├── members (USD) — Loyalty program price
  └── vip (USD) — Top-tier customer price

When: You have tiered customer programmes. Often combined with Price Lists for more granular control.

How Many Price Variants?

Guidelines:

• Start minimal — You can always add more. Begin with 1–2 and expand when the business requires it.
• Avoid explosion — 10+ variants is a warning sign. Use Price Lists for market-specific overrides instead.
• One per purpose × currency — If you have 3 currencies and 2 purposes (retail + B2B), that's 6 variants.
• Don't duplicate what Price Lists do — Price variants are for structurally different price *types*. Regional adjustments belong in Price Lists.

Common Mistakes

1. Creating a variant per country — Use Price Lists for regional adjustments instead
2. Leaving "default" named as "default" — Always rename it to reflect its purpose (e.g. retail for B2C, b2b for B2B). The name "default" tells nobody what the price represents.
3. Confusing retail and sales — Retail is the reference/compare-at price (always set). Sales is the marked-down price (only set during a sale). The storefront falls back to Retail when Sales is empty.
4. Using promotions when you need persistent sales pricing — Promotions are for cart-level, time-limited campaigns. If you always show a was/now price on the product page, use a sales price variant instead.
5. Inconsistent naming — Pick a convention ({purpose}-{currency} or {purpose}) and stick with it across all variants
6. No currency suffix for secondary markets — When multi-currency, primary market variants can be just retail/sales, but secondary markets should include a currency suffix: retail-eur, sales-eur
7. Too many variants — 10+ variants is a red flag. Use Price Lists for customer-specific or regional fine-tuning instead of creating more variants

Price Lists

Price lists override or adjust prices for specific contexts. They sit between variants and promotions in the hierarchy.

When to Use Price Lists (not Price Variants)

Price List Configuration

Each price list can:

• Target specific price variants (e.g. only adjust B2B prices)
• Apply to all or specific products (by drag-and-drop or bulk selection)
• Adjust by: percentage, relative value, or absolute price
• Have a time period: start/end dates for seasonal campaigns
• Be scoped to: a market, customer group, or individual customer

Recommended Price List Patterns

Regional Adjustments

Price Lists:
  ├── "EU Retail" — Applies to: eur-retail variant, Market: EU
  ├── "US Retail" — Applies to: usd-retail variant, Market: US
  └── "Nordic B2B" — Applies to: eur-b2b variant, Market: Nordics

Customer-Specific B2B

Price Lists:
  ├── "Wholesale Tier 1" — 15% off B2B variant, Customer Group: Tier 1
  ├── "Wholesale Tier 2" — 25% off B2B variant, Customer Group: Tier 2
  └── "Acme Corp Agreement" — Fixed prices, Customer: Acme Corp

Seasonal Campaigns

Price Lists:
  ├── "Summer Sale EU" — 20% off retail, Market: EU, Period: Jun–Aug
  └── "Black Friday Global" — Specific prices, Period: Nov 25–28

Markets

Markets define selling contexts. They group together the rules for who gets which prices, promotions, and configurations.

What Markets Represent

A market can be:

• A country (Norway, Sweden, Germany)
• A region (EU, Nordics, North America)
• A segment (Norway B2B, Norway Retail)
• A channel (Online, In-Store, Marketplace)

Market Setup Recommendations

Simple: One Market

Markets:
  └── "default" — Your only selling context

Multi-Region

Markets:
  ├── "us" — United States
  ├── "eu" — European Union
  ├── "uk" — United Kingdom
  └── "row" — Rest of World (fallback)

B2B + B2C per Region

Markets:
  ├── "eu-retail" — EU consumers
  ├── "eu-b2b" — EU businesses
  ├── "us-retail" — US consumers
  └── "us-b2b" — US businesses

How Markets Connect to Pricing

Market ──→ Price Lists (which prices apply)
       ──→ Promotions (which campaigns apply)
       ──→ Checkout context (resolved at purchase time)

Markets are set in the checkout context — at cart/checkout time, the active market determines which price lists and promotions are evaluated.

Promotions

Promotions apply at the cart level — they only become visible during checkout, not on product pages. This keeps your base pricing clean while enabling flexible campaigns.

Promotion Mechanisms

Promotion Components

1. Mechanism — How the discount is calculated (percentage, fixed, X-for-Y, cart)
2. Period (optional) — When the promotion is active (start/end dates, can recur)
3. Trigger (optional) — What activates it (e.g. "3 items of product X in cart")
4. Target (optional) — Which products are affected (if empty, applies to all)
5. Limitations — Cumulative rules, max usage, per-customer limits

When to Use Promotions vs Price Lists

Consultation Approach

When advising on pricing setup, ask these discovery questions:

Discovery Questions

1. Business Model

- "Is this B2C, B2B, or both?" - "Do you have tiered pricing for different customer groups?"

1. Geographic Scope

- "Which markets/countries do you sell to?" - "Do you need separate currencies, or do you use a single currency?" - "Are prices manually set per region, or derived from a base price?"

1. Sales Strategy

- "Do you run sales or show 'was/now' pricing?" - "Do you use coupon codes or promotional campaigns?" - "Do you have seasonal pricing patterns?"

1. Customer Relationships

- "Do you have wholesale/B2B customers with negotiated rates?" - "Do you have a loyalty or membership programme?" - "Do individual customers have unique pricing agreements?"

1. Complexity Assessment

- "How many products are in your catalogue?" - "How often do prices change?" - "Who manages pricing? (technical team vs merchandisers)"

Response Framework

After discovery, structure your recommendation as:

1. Price Variants — The base layer: how many, naming, currencies
2. Markets — If multi-region: how to segment
3. Price Lists — Regional/customer overrides (if needed)
4. Promotions — Campaign strategy (if needed)
5. Migration path — Start simple, grow into complexity

Always recommend starting with the minimum viable setup and adding layers as the business requires them.

Tax & Pricing

Prices in Crystallize are stored as raw numbers — the system does not enforce whether they are tax-inclusive or tax-exclusive. This is a business decision:

• B2C (most of Europe, Australia): Prices typically include VAT. Store gross prices in your variants.
• B2B / US B2C: Prices are typically tax-exclusive. Store net prices and calculate tax at checkout.
• Mixed: Use price variants or price lists to maintain both. For example, EU retail variants hold gross prices while US retail variants hold net prices.

Tax calculation itself happens at the checkout/order layer — configure tax rates in your checkout flow or use an external tax service. The pricing hierarchy (variants → price lists → promotions) resolves the price; tax is applied on top of (or extracted from) that resolved price.

Migration Paths

Start simple and add layers as your business requires. Here are common upgrade paths:

Single variant → Sales pricing

Before: default (USD)
After:  retail (USD) + sales (USD)

Rename default to retail. Create a new sales variant in the same currency. Only set sales on products that are currently on sale.

Single currency → Multi-currency

Before: retail (USD) + sales (USD)
After:  retail (USD) + sales (USD) + retail-eur (EUR) + sales-eur (EUR)

Keep your primary market variants as-is. Add new variant pairs for each additional currency. Create Markets for each region and Price Lists if you need regional adjustments beyond the base variant prices.

B2C only → B2C + B2B

Before: retail (USD) + sales (USD)
After:  retail (USD) + sales (USD) + b2b (USD)

Add a b2b variant. Create a Market for B2B customers (e.g. us-b2b). Use Price Lists for customer-specific or tiered B2B pricing.

Static pricing → Campaigns

Before: Price variants only
After:  Price variants + Promotions

Keep your variant structure unchanged. Add Promotions for time-limited, cart-level discounts (coupons, buy-X-get-Y, seasonal sales). If you need persistent regional adjustments, add Price Lists instead of (or alongside) Promotions.

Further Reading

• Price Variants Reference — Detailed technical reference for variant setup
• Price Lists & Markets Reference — Price list configuration and market architecture
• Promotions Reference — Promotion types, mechanisms, and limitations