secrets-management（秘密管理）

Secrets Management

Golden Rules

1. Never commit secrets to version control
2. Never log secrets in application logs
3. Rotate secrets regularly
4. Use least privilege for access
5. Encrypt at rest and in transit

When NOT to Use This Skill

• JWT/OAuth implementation - Use authentication skills for protocol setup
• Database security - Use database skills for connection security
• General OWASP issues - Use owasp-top-10 for broader security
• Dependency vulnerabilities - Use supply-chain for package security

Deep Knowledge: Use mcp__documentation__fetch_docs with technology: security for comprehensive documentation.

Environment Variables

.env Files

# .env (never commit!)
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/db
API_KEY=sk-xxx
JWT_SECRET=super-secret-key

# .env.example (commit this - no real values)
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/db
API_KEY=your-api-key-here
JWT_SECRET=generate-a-secure-secret

.gitignore

# Secrets - ALWAYS ignore
.env
.env.local
.env.*.local
*.pem
*.key
credentials.json
secrets.yaml

Loading in Code

// Node.js with dotenv
import 'dotenv/config';
const apiKey = process.env.API_KEY;

// Validate required vars at startup
const required = ['DATABASE_URL', 'API_KEY', 'JWT_SECRET'];
for (const key of required) {
  if (!process.env[key]) {
    throw new Error(`Missing required env var: ${key}`);
  }
}

Secret Detection

Pre-commit Hooks

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/gitleaks/gitleaks
    rev: v8.18.0
    hooks:
      - id: gitleaks

  - repo: https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets
    rev: v1.4.0
    hooks:
      - id: detect-secrets
        args: ['--baseline', '.secrets.baseline']

Scanning Commands

# Gitleaks - scan entire history
gitleaks detect --source . --verbose

# Scan only staged changes
gitleaks protect --staged

# TruffleHog
trufflehog git file://. --only-verified

# GitHub secret scanning (in repo settings)
# Enable "Secret scanning" and "Push protection"

Secret Stores

HashiCorp Vault

import Vault from 'node-vault';

const vault = Vault({
  apiVersion: 'v1',
  endpoint: process.env.VAULT_ADDR,
  token: process.env.VAULT_TOKEN
});

const { data } = await vault.read('secret/data/myapp');
const dbPassword = data.data.db_password;

AWS Secrets Manager

import { SecretsManager } from '@aws-sdk/client-secrets-manager';

const client = new SecretsManager({ region: 'us-east-1' });
const response = await client.getSecretValue({ SecretId: 'myapp/db' });
const secret = JSON.parse(response.SecretString!);

Environment-based (Simpler)

// For smaller projects, use encrypted env vars in CI/CD
// GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, etc. all support this

// GitHub Actions
// Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions > New secret

CI/CD Secrets

GitHub Actions

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Deploy
        env:
          DATABASE_URL: ${{ secrets.DATABASE_URL }}
          API_KEY: ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}
        run: |
          # Secrets available as env vars
          ./deploy.sh

      # NEVER do this:
      # - run: echo ${{ secrets.API_KEY }}

Docker

# Never bake secrets into images
# Wrong:
ENV API_KEY=secret

# Right: pass at runtime
# docker run -e API_KEY=$API_KEY myimage

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  app:
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL  # From shell env
    env_file:
      - .env  # From file (not committed)

Secret Rotation

Policy

Rotation Process

1. Generate new secret
2. Update in secret store
3. Deploy new secret to services
4. Verify functionality
5. Revoke old secret
6. Update documentation

Detecting Leaked Secrets

If a secret is leaked:

1. Revoke immediately - Don't wait
2. Rotate - Generate new credentials
3. Audit - Check for unauthorized access
4. Clean history - Use BFG or git-filter-repo
5. Post-mortem - Document and prevent recurrence

# Remove from git history (use BFG)
bfg --replace-text passwords.txt repo.git
git reflog expire --expire=now --all
git gc --prune=now --aggressive

Security Checklist

• .env files in.gitignore
• .env.example with dummy values committed
• Pre-commit hooks for secret detection
• CI/CD secrets in encrypted store
• No secrets in Docker images
• Rotation policy defined
• Least privilege access
• GitHub secret scanning enabled

Common Secret Patterns

# AWS
AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16}
aws_secret_access_key\s*=\s*.+

# GitHub
ghp_[a-zA-Z0-9]{36}
github_pat_[a-zA-Z0-9]{22}_[a-zA-Z0-9]{59}

# Generic
password\s*=\s*.+
api[_-]?key\s*=\s*.+
secret\s*=\s*.+
token\s*=\s*.+

Anti-Patterns

Quick Troubleshooting

Related Skills

• OWASP Top 10
• GitHub Actions