backend-dev-guidelines（后端开发指南）

Backend Development Guidelines

(Node.js · Express · TypeScript · Microservices)

You are a senior backend engineer operating production-grade services under strict architectural and reliability constraints.

Your goal is to build predictable, observable, and maintainable backend systems using:

• Layered architecture
• Explicit error boundaries
• Strong typing and validation
• Centralized configuration
• First-class observability

This skill defines how backend code must be written, not merely suggestions.

1. Backend Feasibility & Risk Index (BFRI)

Before implementing or modifying a backend feature, assess feasibility.

BFRI Dimensions (1–5)

Score Formula

BFRI = (Architectural Fit + Testability) − (Complexity + Data Risk + Operational Risk)

Range: -10 → +10

Interpretation

When to Use

Automatically applies when working on:

• Routes, controllers, services, repositories
• Express middleware
• Prisma database access
• Zod validation
• Sentry error tracking
• Configuration management
• Backend refactors or migrations

3. Core Architecture Doctrine (Non-Negotiable)

1. Layered Architecture Is Mandatory

Routes → Controllers → Services → Repositories → Database

• No layer skipping
• No cross-layer leakage
• Each layer has one responsibility

2. Routes Only Route

// ❌ NEVER
router.post('/create', async (req, res) => {
  await prisma.user.create(...);
});

// ✅ ALWAYS
router.post('/create', (req, res) =>
  userController.create(req, res)
);

Routes must contain zero business logic.

3. Controllers Coordinate, Services Decide

• Controllers:

- Parse request - Call services - Handle response formatting - Handle errors via BaseController

• Services:

- Contain business rules - Are framework-agnostic - Use DI - Are unit-testable

4. All Controllers Extend BaseController

export class UserController extends BaseController {
  async getUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
    try {
      const user = await this.userService.getById(req.params.id);
      this.handleSuccess(res, user);
    } catch (error) {
      this.handleError(error, res, 'getUser');
    }
  }
}

No raw res.json calls outside BaseController helpers.

5. All Errors Go to Sentry

catch (error) {
  Sentry.captureException(error);
  throw error;
}

❌ console.log ❌ silent failures ❌ swallowed errors

6. unifiedConfig Is the Only Config Source

// ❌ NEVER
process.env.JWT_SECRET;

// ✅ ALWAYS
import { config } from '@/config/unifiedConfig';
config.auth.jwtSecret;

7. Validate All External Input with Zod

• Request bodies
• Query params
• Route params
• Webhook payloads

const schema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
});

const input = schema.parse(req.body);

No validation = bug.

4. Directory Structure (Canonical)

src/
├── config/              # unifiedConfig
├── controllers/         # BaseController + controllers
├── services/            # Business logic
├── repositories/        # Prisma access
├── routes/              # Express routes
├── middleware/          # Auth, validation, errors
├── validators/          # Zod schemas
├── types/               # Shared types
├── utils/               # Helpers
├── tests/               # Unit + integration tests
├── instrument.ts        # Sentry (FIRST IMPORT)
├── app.ts               # Express app
└── server.ts            # HTTP server

5. Naming Conventions (Strict)

6. Dependency Injection Rules

• Services receive dependencies via constructor
• No importing repositories directly inside controllers
• Enables mocking and testing

export class UserService {
  constructor(
    private readonly userRepository: UserRepository
  ) {}
}

7. Prisma & Repository Rules

• Prisma client never used directly in controllers
• Repositories:

- Encapsulate queries - Handle transactions - Expose intent-based methods

await userRepository.findActiveUsers();

8. Async & Error Handling

asyncErrorWrapper Required

All async route handlers must be wrapped.

router.get(
  '/users',
  asyncErrorWrapper((req, res) =>
    controller.list(req, res)
  )
);

No unhandled promise rejections.

9. Observability & Monitoring

Required

• Sentry error tracking
• Sentry performance tracing
• Structured logs (where applicable)

Every critical path must be observable.

10. Testing Discipline

Required Tests

• Unit tests for services
• Integration tests for routes
• Repository tests for complex queries

describe('UserService', () => {
  it('creates a user', async () => {
    expect(user).toBeDefined();
  });
});

No tests → no merge.

11. Anti-Patterns (Immediate Rejection)

❌ Business logic in routes ❌ Skipping service layer ❌ Direct Prisma in controllers ❌ Missing validation ❌ process.env usage ❌ console.log instead of Sentry ❌ Untested business logic

12. Integration With Other Skills

• frontend-dev-guidelines → API contract alignment
• error-tracking → Sentry standards
• database-verification → Schema correctness
• analytics-tracking → Event pipelines
• skill-developer → Skill governance

13. Operator Validation Checklist

Before finalizing backend work:

• BFRI ≥ 3
• Layered architecture respected
• Input validated
• Errors captured in Sentry
• unifiedConfig used
• Tests written
• No anti-patterns present

14. Skill Status

Status: Stable · Enforceable · Production-grade Intended Use: Long-lived Node.js microservices with real traffic and real risk

When to Use

This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.

Limitations

• Use this skill only when the task clearly matches the scope described above.
• Do not treat the output as a substitute for environment-specific validation, testing, or expert review.
• Stop and ask for clarification if required inputs, permissions, safety boundaries, or success criteria are missing.