TrueSkill Rating System
Overview
TrueSkill (Microsoft Research) models each player's skill as a Gaussian distribution N(μ, σ²) where μ is estimated skill and σ is uncertainty. Supports teams and multiplayer (not just 1v1). Conservative rating = μ - 3σ. Uncertainty decreases with more games. Uses Bayesian inference via message passing.
When to Use
Trigger conditions:
- Rating players in team-based or multiplayer (3+ participant) games
- Building matchmaking systems that balance match quality
- When you need uncertainty estimates alongside skill ratings
When NOT to use:
- For simple 1v1 ranking with no uncertainty (Elo is simpler)
- For non-competitive ranking (product ratings — use Wilson Score)
Algorithm
IRON LAW: Skill Rating Has TWO Components — Mean AND Uncertainty
TrueSkill represents skill as N(μ, σ²). New players have high σ
(uncertain). After many games, σ shrinks (confident). The conservative
rating μ - 3σ ensures players are ranked by their LIKELY MINIMUM
skill, not their estimated average. Never use μ alone for ranking.Phase 1: Input Validation
Initialize: μ₀ = 25, σ₀ = 25/3 (default). Collect match results with team compositions and finishing order. Gate: Valid match results, team compositions defined.
Phase 2: Core Algorithm
- For each match, compute expected outcome from team skill distributions
- Compare actual vs expected outcome
- Update each player's (μ, σ) using Bayesian update:
- μ shifts toward performance (up for winners, down for losers) - σ decreases (less uncertain after observing outcome) - Amount of update is proportional to σ (uncertain players change more)
- Conservative rank = μ - 3σ
Phase 3: Verification
Check: σ decreases over time for active players. Top-ranked players by conservative rating win more than expected. Match quality metric (draw probability) is reasonable. Gate: Rating system produces intuitive rankings, σ converges.
Phase 4: Output
Return player ratings with uncertainty bounds.
Output Format
{
"ratings": [{"player": "P1", "mu": 32.5, "sigma": 2.1, "conservative": 26.2, "games_played": 50}],
"metadata": {"initial_mu": 25, "initial_sigma": 8.33, "beta": 4.17, "tau": 0.083}
}Examples
Sample I/O
Input: Team [A(25,8.3), B(25,8.3)] beats Team [C(25,8.3), D(25,8.3)] Expected: A,B μ increases ~2-3 pts, σ decreases ~0.5. C,D μ decreases, σ decreases. Conservative ratings adjust.
Edge Cases
| Input | Expected | Why |
|---|---|---|
| New vs veteran player | New player μ changes more | Higher σ = more uncertainty = larger updates |
| 1v1 match | Degenerates to Elo-like behavior | TrueSkill reduces to simple case for 1v1 |
| Free-for-all (8 players) | All pairs compared | Multiplayer native support, unlike Elo |
Gotchas
- Computational cost: Message passing in factor graphs is more expensive than Elo. For millions of players, use approximations (EP truncation).
- Team skill aggregation: TrueSkill sums individual Gaussians for team skill. This assumes independence — correlated player skills (practiced teams) are undermodeled.
- Dynamic skill: σ only decreases. If a player's skill genuinely changes (improvement or decline), add a small drift term τ per time period to increase σ gradually.
- Partial play: If a player joins mid-game or leaves early, their contribution is ambiguous. Need partial-play weight extension.
- Patent status: TrueSkill was patented by Microsoft (expired 2024). TrueSkill 2 adds more features but check licensing.
References
- For TrueSkill factor graph derivation, see
references/factor-graph.md - For matchmaking quality metrics, see
references/matchmaking.md