action-mailer-patterns（动作邮件模式）

Action Mailer Patterns for Rails 8

Overview

Action Mailer handles transactional emails in Rails:

• HTML and text email templates
• Layouts for consistent styling
• Previews for development
• Background delivery via Active Job
• Internationalized emails

Quick Start

# Generate mailer
bin/rails generate mailer User welcome password_reset

# This creates:
# - app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
# - app/views/user_mailer/welcome.html.erb
# - app/views/user_mailer/welcome.text.erb
# - spec/mailers/user_mailer_spec.rb (if using RSpec)

Project Structure

app/
├── mailers/
│   ├── application_mailer.rb    # Base mailer
│   └── user_mailer.rb
├── views/
│   ├── layouts/
│   │   └── mailer.html.erb      # Email layout
│   └── user_mailer/
│       ├── welcome.html.erb
│       ├── welcome.text.erb
│       ├── password_reset.html.erb
│       └── password_reset.text.erb
spec/
├── mailers/
│   ├── user_mailer_spec.rb
│   └── previews/
│       └── user_mailer_preview.rb

TDD Workflow

Mailer Progress:
- [ ] Step 1: Write mailer spec (RED)
- [ ] Step 2: Run spec (fails)
- [ ] Step 3: Create mailer method
- [ ] Step 4: Create email templates
- [ ] Step 5: Run spec (GREEN)
- [ ] Step 6: Create preview
- [ ] Step 7: Test delivery integration

Configuration

Base Setup

# config/environments/development.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :letter_opener
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "localhost", port: 3000 }

# config/environments/production.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
  address: "smtp.example.com",
  port: 587,
  user_name: Rails.application.credentials.smtp[:user_name],
  password: Rails.application.credentials.smtp[:password],
  authentication: "plain",
  enable_starttls_auto: true
}

Application Mailer

# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  default from: "noreply@example.com"
  layout "mailer"

  helper_method :app_name

  private

  def app_name
    Rails.application.class.module_parent_name
  end
end

Testing Mailers

Mailer Spec

# spec/mailers/user_mailer_spec.rb
require "rails_helper"

RSpec.describe UserMailer, type: :mailer do
  describe "#welcome" do
    let(:user) { create(:user, email_address: "user@example.com", name: "John") }
    let(:mail) { described_class.welcome(user) }

    it "renders the headers" do
      expect(mail.subject).to eq(I18n.t("user_mailer.welcome.subject"))
      expect(mail.to).to eq(["user@example.com"])
      expect(mail.from).to eq(["noreply@example.com"])
    end

    it "renders the HTML body" do
      expect(mail.html_part.body.to_s).to include("John")
      expect(mail.html_part.body.to_s).to include("Welcome")
    end

    it "renders the text body" do
      expect(mail.text_part.body.to_s).to include("John")
      expect(mail.text_part.body.to_s).to include("Welcome")
    end

    it "includes login link" do
      expect(mail.html_part.body.to_s).to include(new_session_url)
    end
  end

  describe "#password_reset" do
    let(:user) { create(:user) }
    let(:token) { "reset-token-123" }
    let(:mail) { described_class.password_reset(user, token) }

    it "renders the headers" do
      expect(mail.subject).to eq(I18n.t("user_mailer.password_reset.subject"))
      expect(mail.to).to eq([user.email_address])
    end

    it "includes reset link with token" do
      expect(mail.html_part.body.to_s).to include(token)
    end

    it "expires link information" do
      expect(mail.html_part.body.to_s).to include("24 hours")
    end
  end
end

Testing Delivery

# spec/services/user_registration_service_spec.rb
RSpec.describe UserRegistrationService do
  describe "#call" do
    it "sends welcome email" do
      expect {
        described_class.new.call(user_params)
      }.to have_enqueued_mail(UserMailer, :welcome)
    end
  end
end

# Integration test
RSpec.describe "User Registration", type: :request do
  it "sends welcome email after registration" do
    expect {
      post registrations_path, params: valid_params
    }.to have_enqueued_mail(UserMailer, :welcome)
  end
end

Mailer Implementation

Basic Mailer

# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def welcome(user)
    @user = user
    @login_url = new_session_url

    mail(
      to: @user.email_address,
      subject: t(".subject")
    )
  end

  def password_reset(user, token)
    @user = user
    @token = token
    @reset_url = edit_password_url(token: token)
    @expires_in = "24 hours"

    mail(
      to: @user.email_address,
      subject: t(".subject")
    )
  end
end

Mailer with Attachments

class ReportMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def monthly_report(user, report)
    @user = user
    @report = report

    attachments["report-#{Date.current}.pdf"] = report.to_pdf
    attachments.inline["logo.png"] = File.read(Rails.root.join("app/assets/images/logo.png"))

    mail(to: @user.email_address, subject: t(".subject"))
  end
end

Mailer with Dynamic Sender

class NotificationMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def notify(recipient, sender, message)
    @recipient = recipient
    @sender = sender
    @message = message

    mail(
      to: @recipient.email_address,
      from: "#{@sender.name} <notifications@example.com>",
      reply_to: @sender.email_address,
      subject: t(".subject", sender: @sender.name)
    )
  end
end

Email Templates

Always create both HTML and text versions. Use I18n for all text content.

See templates.md for complete HTML template, text template, and email layout examples.

Previews

Create previews so you can visually verify emails during development without sending them.

See previews.md for basic previews and previews with multiple states.

Internationalization

Use I18n.with_locale inside the mailer method to send emails in the user's preferred language.

See i18n.md for locale file examples (EN/FR) and localized delivery implementation.

Delivery Methods

Immediate Delivery (Avoid in production)

UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_now

Background Delivery (Preferred)

# Uses Active Job
UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later

# With options
UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later(wait: 5.minutes)
UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon)
UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later(queue: :mailers)

From Services

class UserRegistrationService
  def call(params)
    user = User.create!(params)
    UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later
    success(user)
  end
end

Common Patterns

Conditional Emails

class NotificationMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def daily_digest(user)
    @user = user
    @notifications = user.notifications.unread.today

    return if @notifications.empty?

    mail(to: @user.email_address, subject: t(".subject"))
  end
end

Bulk Emails with Batching

class NewsletterJob < ApplicationJob
  def perform
    User.subscribed.find_each(batch_size: 100) do |user|
      NewsletterMailer.weekly(user).deliver_later
    end
  end
end

Email Callbacks

class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  after_action :log_delivery

  private

  def log_delivery
    Rails.logger.info("Sending #{action_name} to #{mail.to}")
  end
end

Checklist

• Mailer spec written first (RED)
• Mailer method created
• HTML template created
• Text template created
• Uses I18n for all text
• Preview created
• Uses deliver_later (not deliver_now)
• Email layout styled
• All specs GREEN

References

• templates.md — HTML template, text template, and email layout examples
• previews.md — ActionMailer::Preview examples with single and multiple states
• i18n.md — Locale file examples and localized email delivery